初中英语语法总结大全_初中英语语法总结
【jiaoan.jxxyjl.com--七年级英语教案】
一)在后面加s。如:fathers, books, americans, germans, apples, bananas
二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy- comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es:如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯
五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, chinese, japanese
七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员
九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸,卷子,论文, work工作 works作品,工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:is (i’s), ks (k’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:ids, vcds, sars
十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, englishman-englishmen
b)名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:
一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, mike’s, teacher’s
二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:teachers’ day教师节, classmates’; children’s day六一节, women’s day三八节
三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:mike and ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),mike’s and ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)
2、代词
项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人 称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 i me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves 1234567
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves
3、动词
a) 第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:
一)一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四)以o结尾加es。如:does, goes
五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has
b) 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:
一)一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing,
hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking,
practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing,
draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting,
let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容词的级
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下: 1234567
一) 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest,
taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾 的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
三) 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest,
friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth;
twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句 a) this is a book. (be动词)
b) he looks very young. (连系动词)
c) i want a sweat like this. (实义动词)
d) i can bring some things to school. (情态动词)
e) there’s a computer on my desk. (there be结构)
否定陈述句 a) these aren’t their books.
b) they don’t look nice.
c) kate doesn’t go to no. 4 middle school.
d) kate can’t find her doll.
e) there isn’t a cat here. (=there’s no cat here.) 1234567
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句 a) please go and ask the man.
b) let’s learn english!
c) come in, please.
否定祈使句a) don’t be late.
b) don’t hurry.
3. 疑问句
1) 一般疑问句 a) is jim a student?
b) can i help you?
c) does she like salad?
d) do they watch tv?
e) is she reading?
肯定回答: a) yes, he is.
b) yes, you can.
c) yes, she does.
d) yes, they do.
e) yes, she is.
否定回答: a) no, he isn’t.
b) no, you can’t.
c) no, she doesn’t.
d) no, they don’t.
e) no, she isn’t.
2) 选择疑问句 is the table big or small? 回答 it’s big./ it’s small. 1234567
3) 特殊疑问句
① 问年龄 how old is lucy? she is twelve.
② 问种类 what kind of movies do you like? i like action movies and comedies.
③ 问身体状况 how is your uncle? he is well/fine.
④ 问方式 how do/can you spell it? l-double o-k.
how do we contact you? my e-mail address is cindyjones@diyifanwen.com.
⑤ 问原因 why do you want to join the club?
⑥ 问时间 what’s the time? (=what time is it?) it’s a quarter to ten a.m..
what time do you usually get up, rick? at five o’clock.
when do you want to go? let’s go at 7:00.
⑦ 问地方 where’s my backpack? it’s under the table.
⑧ 问颜色 what color are they? they are light blue.
what’s your favourite color? it’s black.
⑨ 问人物 who’s that? it’s my sister.
who is the boy in blue? my brother.
who isn’t at school? peter and emma.
who are lisa and tim talking to?
⑩ 问东西 what’s this/that (in english)? it’s a pencil case.
what else can you see in the picture? i can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11问姓名 what’s your aunt’s name? her name is helen./she’s helen.
what’s your first name? my first name’s ben.
what’s your family name? my family name’s smith.
12 问哪一个 which do you like? i like one in the box.
13 问字母 what letter is it? it’s big d/small f.
14 问价格 how much are these pants? they’re 15 dollars.
15 问电话号码 what’s your phone number? it’s 576-8349.
16 问谓语(动作) what’s he doing? he’s watching tv.
17 问职业(身份) what do you do? i’m a teacher.
what’s your father? he’s a doctor. 1234567
三、时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:
be 动词:she’s a worker. is she a worker? she isn’t a worker.
情态动词:i can play the piano. can you play the piano? i can’t play the piano.
行为动词:they want to eat some tomatoes. do they want to eat any tomatoes?
they don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
gina has a nice watch. does gina have a nice watch? gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
i’m playing baseball. are you playing baseball? i’m not playing baseball.
nancy is writing a letter. is nancy writing a letter? nancy isn’t writing a letter.
they’re listening to the pop music. are they listening the pop music?
they aren’t listening to the pop music.
一、学习英语语法的目的:
要回答这个问题,先简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。这个问题,答案也许是很清楚的。主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说:我们中国人,如果智力正常,从小就会说汉语,能遣词造句,没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说,英语讲得多了,有了语感,语法还不是水到渠成的事。
这种实践出真知的说法,绝对是正确的。但我仍主张学一点英语语法。本人没受过很好的教育,更不懂高深的语言学习理论,但一直有这样的看法:在我们中国,百年都没有营造出正常情况下用正式英语交际的大氛围和小氛围,所以难以在投入产出比符合经济效益的前提下培养出一定的英语语感。语法,实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感(规则),既给你能解释语言现象的鱼,又教你如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。何乐而不为呢?说到这,学习英语语法的目的也就清清楚楚了:弥补氛围难以在短期内培养一定语感的缺憾,比较经济地获得英语整体的语感。当然,也为通过我们这个考试大国的众多英语测试提供初级“抱佛脚”的方法。
二、学习英语语法的范围:
学习英语语法的范围,指的是学习英语语法需掌握的内容程度。既然我们学习英语语法的目的那么简单实际,到啥山唱啥歌吧。范围不必很大,也就是说面不宜太宽,点也不宜研究太深,毕竟需要用英语说之乎者也的人不多。另外,我认为通过学习英语语法,求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。有了整体感,可以揭开英语的神秘面纱,知道了对手的模样,就知己知彼了;有了整体感,对语言就有了“君临天下”之气,加之不懈的积累,从掌握语法的必然王国,进而出入语言的自由王国。出于这种考虑,这个讲义编得非常简单,有些方面甚至还不如高中所学的内容,但实用语法的基本脉络比较清晰。 1234567
三、学习英语语法的方法:
英语语法书很多,学习英语语法的方法也不少。学好一样东西,本没有绝对好的方法。号称包治百病的医生,要么是庸医,要么是骗子。事实上,每个人可以根据自己的实际情况,在不断尝试中摸索出适合自己的方法。
依我这个半路出家的人看来,不管用什么方法学英语语法,进而学英语语言,一是要有整体语感,要学会归纳和演绎,由此及彼;三是要借助对母语的了解,琢磨汉语和英语的异同之处,转而进行两种语言之间的由此及彼。比如:学了wish的宾语可以用不定式,可以推理出名词wish的定语、表语也有可能是不定式。是还是不是?一查词典便知。汉语的“讨论”一词用动词短语作宾语,中间一般要加个wh-词,如能说“讨论如何学习英语”,不能说“讨论学习英语”。
英语里的discuss用不定式作宾语是否也是如此呢?英语中类似的词是否是同样情况呢?花点时间就解决问题。
对语言的分析能力,实际上以对语言的整体语感为基础的,更是以对语言完整的整体语感为目的的。说到底,语言不就是规律和例外的组合吗?!两三年积累下来,你就是语法高手。
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