howdoyoustudyforatest什么意思|Howdoyoustudyforatest

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unit 1知识要点
 how to swim 怎样游泳　
　　不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定式短语。如：
     the question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。
     i don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。
 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。 连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词 作表语外，一般都是接形容词。　如：
　　they are very happy.    he became a doctor two years ago.
she felt very tired.
 要点
1. by + doing 通过……方式　如：by studying with a group
  by 还可以表示：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用、”“经过”、“乘车”等
　　如：i live by the river.
        i have to go back by ten o’clock.
        the thief entered the room by the window.
        the student went to park by bus.
2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论　如：the students often talk about movie after class.
学生们常常在课后讨论电影。
talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话
3. 提建议的句子：
①what/ how about +doing sth.?   如：what/ how about going shopping?
   ②why don’t you + do sth.?    如：why don’t you go shopping?
   ③why not + do sth. ?        如：why not go shopping?      
   ④let’s + do sth.             如：let’s go shopping
   ⑤shall we/ i + do sth.?        如：shall we/ i go shopping?
4. a lot 许多  常用于句末　如：i eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
a lot of许多　== lots of 许多　常与名词连用 a lot of books
5. too…to 太…而不能  常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：i’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法     三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。
   ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。
如: he read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如:
she told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。123456
如:  he does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public.    他不当众大声谈笑。
7. not …at all 一点也不  根本不  如：
    i like milk very much. i don’t like coffee at all.   我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。
  not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾
8.    be / get excited about sth. ===
be / get excited about doing sth. === 
be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如：
   i am / get excited about going to beijing.===   
   i am excited to go to beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。
9.  ① end up doing sth    终止做某事，结束做某事  如：
       the party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。
    ② end up with sth.    以…结束 如：
       the party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
10.   first of all 首先
.    to begin with 一开始
     later on 后来、随后
11.  also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间
    either 也（用于否定句）常在句末
    too  也 (用于肯定句)   常在句末
i am also a student. 我也是一个学生
    i am a student too. 我也是一个学生。
i am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。
12. make mistakes 犯错 如：i often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如： i have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。
13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人）如：don’t laugh at me!  不要取笑我!
14. take notes 做笔记，做记录
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… 如： she enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。
   enjoy oneself  过得愉快 如：he enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。
16. native speaker 说本族语的人
17. make up 组成、构成
18. one of +(the+ 形容词最高级)+名词复数形式  …其中之一
    如： she is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
19. it’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事…
   如：it’s difficult (for me ) to study english.   对于我来说学习英语太难了。
    句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study english
20. practice doing 练习做某事 如：she often practices speaking english. 她经常练习说英语。
21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如：
     lilei has decided to go to beijing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
22. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句
   如：you will fail unless you work hard.. 假如你不努力你会失败。123456
       i won’t write unless he writes first.  除非他先写要不我不写
23. deal with 处理 如：i dealt with a lot of problems.
24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事
   如：mother worried about her son just now.  妈妈刚才担心她的儿子。
25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气    如：i was angry with her. 我对她生气。
26. perhaps === maybe 也许
27. go by (时间) 过去 如： two years went by. 两年过去了。
28.  see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生
see sb. / sth. do    看见某人做了某事 如：
   如： she saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.  她看见他正在教室里画画。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard… as … 把…看作为…. ,as后可接名词,形容词等, 如：
　the boys regarded anna as a fool.  这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。
  i regard them as very important.  我认为他们非常重要.
31.  too many　太多　修饰可数名词　如：too many girls
too much　太多　修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
    much too　太　　修饰形容词   如：much too beautiful
32. change…　into…　将…变为…　
如：the magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将这支笔变为一本书。
33. with the help of sb. == with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
   如：with the help of lilei == with lilei’s help 在李雷的帮助下
34. compare … to …　把…与…相比　
如：compare you to anna, you are lucky.你和安娜相比，你是幸运的。
35.  instead 代替　用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来）
    instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，动词
　　如：last summer i went to beijing. this year i’m going to shanghai instead.
去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。
　　　　i will go instead of you.  我将代替你去。
　　　　he stayed at home instead of going swimming.  他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
36. try one’s best to do 尽某人的最大能力去做某事　
   如：she tried her best to finish every work.
37. look up 查阅（字典）
如：if you don’t understand the word, you can look up this word in the dictionary.
如果你不理解这个单词，你可以在字典中查阅
当遇到代词时，应把代词放在中间如：look it /them up
unit1重点知识梳理
一、知识点
1.by: ①通过…..方式（途径）。例：i learn english by listening to tapes.
②在…..旁边。例：by the window/the door
③乘坐交通工具 例：by bus/car
④在……之前，到……为止。例：by october在10月前
⑤被      例：english is spoken by many people.
2. voice 指人的嗓音，也指鸟鸣  sound 指人可以听到的各种声音  noise 指噪音、吵闹声
3. find + 宾语 + 宾补（名词 形容词 介词短语 分词等）123456
  例：i find him friendly.          i found him working in the garden.
we found him in bed.         he found the window closed.
4. 常见的系动词有： ①是：am 、is、 are     ②保持：keep、 stay   
③ 转变：become、 get、 turn  ④ ……起来 feel、 look、 smell、 taste、 sound
5. get + 宾语 + 宾补（形容词 过去分词 动词不定式） 使某种情况发生
例：get the shoes clean. 把鞋擦干净   get mr. green to come. 让格林先生进来
i want to get my bike repaired. 我想去修自行车
you can’t get him waiting. 你不能让他老等着
6 动词不定式做定语
①与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系
the next train to arrive was from new york. he is always the first to come.
②与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系
i have nothing to say.                i need a pen to write with.
i need some paper to write on.        i don’t have a room to live in.
7.all、 both、 always以及every复合词与not连用构成部分否定。其完全否定为：
all—none   both—neither   everything—nothing   everybody—nobody
8.complete完成，是个较正式的词，后不能接动名词   finish指日常事物的完成
9.a,an 与序数词连用表示“又一”，“再一”。
  例：please give me a second apple.       there comes a fifth girl.
10.have trouble/difficulty/problem (in) doing….. 干…..遇到麻烦，困难
11.unless  除非，如果不，等于“if not”本身就表示否定，引导条件状语从句，主句为将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
例：my baby sister won’t cry unless she’s hungry.=my baby sister won’t cry if she isn’t hungry.
unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.如果你不多加小心的话，你会出事的。
12.instead: adv. 代替，更换。 
   例：we have no coffee, would you like tea instead？  我们没有咖啡了，改喝茶好吗？
stuart was ill, so i went instead.     斯图尔病了，所以换了我去。
instead of 作为某人或某事物的替换
例：let’s play cards instead of watching tv.
give me the red one instead of the green one.
13.spoken 口头的，口语的。spoken english;  speaking 讲话的，说某种语言的。speaking skills
二、短语：
1．first at all           首先
2．to begin with ( = at first )      开始
3．the best way to do ( = of doing ) sth.  做的最好方法
4．practice speaking english    练习说英语123456
5．english – speaking friends   讲英语的朋友
6．writing / listening practice   写作（听力）练习
7．improve my speaking skills   提高我的会话技巧
8．spoken english          英语口语
9．get excited about sth        对…感兴奋
10．get excited about doing ( = to do ) sth. 对做…感兴奋
11．end up with sth.        以…结束
12．end up doing sth.       终止做某事，结束做某事
13．end up speaking in chinese    以说汉语结束对话
14．make mistakes in spelling ( grammar ) 在拼写（语法）方面犯错误
15. laugh at             嘲笑  
16．be afraid of sb. / sth.      害怕 某人/物  
17．be afraid to do      害怕做，不敢做
18．decide ( not ) to do sth. = decide on doing = make a decision to do sth. 决定（不）做
19．enjoy doing           喜欢干…
20. take notes                记笔记
21．have trouble doing sth.  = have problems doing sth.
= have a hard ( difficult ) time doing sth. 做....有困难
22． have fun doing sth     玩得高兴
23．learn to forget        学会忘记
24．try ( = do ) one’s best to do sth.   尽力做
25．with the help of sb. = with sb.’s help 在…的帮助下
26．( how ) deal with = ( what )do with  对待，处理，
27．worry about = be worried about   担心，担忧
28．give sb. some suggestions = give sb. some advice  给某人提建议
29．write ( it , them ) down    写下，记下
30．look ( it, them ) up in a dictionary  查字典
31．be angry with sb. = be mad at sb.  = be annoyed with sb.    生某人的气 
32．be angry at / about sth.     对某事生气
33. think of         想起，想到7
34．make flashcards        做单词抽认卡
35．make vocabulary lists    做单词表  
36．ask…for help       向某人求助
37．study for a test      为考试作准备
38．that way (=in that way)     通过那种方式
40．read aloud          朗读123456
41．learn a lot          学到许多
42．help a little         有点帮助
43．not …at all          根本不，全然不 
44．ask sb. about sth.       问某人关于…的事
45．feel differently         感受不同
46．be different from = be not the same as  与…不同
47．the difference between a and b    a与b的区别
48．get lots of ( = much ) practice    得到大量的练习
50．get the pronunciation right    使发音准确
51．make complete sentences with   用…造完整的句子
52．feel soft              摸起来柔软
53．around the world = all over the world  全世界
54．make up        编造，虚构，化妆，打扮 
55．speak english as a second language   把英语当做第二语言来说
56．regard sb. / sth. as = have / take… as  = think of… as     把…当做…
57．regard problems as challenges   把困难当作挑战
58．solve a problem     解决困难
59．complain about / of sb. / sth. to sb.   向某人抱怨
60．change sth. into      把…变为…
61．compare a with  / to b     把…和…作比较 
62．break off friendships     中断，突然终止友谊
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