[chapter3products and pricing]Chapter3.PlanningforthePerfectWedding-grammar-

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chapter3. planning for the perfect wedding-grammar
一、章节分析
（一）综述
本章节主要语法--- 定语从句。定语从句前面一定有一个名词（先行词），这很关键。
（二）目标
定语从句起到修饰名词的作用。教学生掌握由关系代词who, whom, which, that,whose引导的定语从句;限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
（三）教学方法    
 通过一些例句让学生理解并掌握定语从句。
 让学生找出课文中的定语从句并加以分析。
 让学生造句，翻译句子等来巩固所学的知识。
（四）重点和难点
上述都要掌握，难点为非限制性定语从句。
二、教学设计（teaching designs）
教学内容 教学实施建议 教学资源参考
lead –in  1. warming up
 present the students some pictures of chinese and western weddings and let the students talk about the difference between oriental and western weddings  using as many adjective clauses as possible.
wedding process/ place/customs/ banquet/… cxford englsih 课本
practice 在进行了短暂热身练习之后，教师有意识地将课文中的定语从句呈现给学生。e.g.
the bride’s clothes, which are usually expensive, require careful selection.
then do more practice:
接着和学生一起分别就几个句型认真理解和操练并完成书中部分练习。 cxford englsih 课本
exercises and homework 教师自编题目和书后练习结合操练 cxford englsih 课本以及课后练习

本单元的语法部分重点是定语从句：
1. clauses with who, whom, that, which and whose
2. defining and non-defining clauses
我们在教学过程中，可以通过复习课文中的一些句型或者是讨论课文中的人物来开始。
[链接1]
说明：
这是一份关于定语从句的练习。

定语从句
例1  误：thank you for all what you have done for me.
正：thank you for all (that) you have done for me.
题解：“what” 不能用于引导定语从句，它一般用于引导名词性从句。引导定语从句常用的有关系代词which, that, who, whom, whose, as, than 及关系副词where, when, why。此句因为先行词all是不定代词，所以只能用that引导。此外，由于此句中先行词在定语从句中充当do的宾语，所以可以省略关系代词that。
例2  误：the man whom i think has moved to another city is still in shanghai.
正：the man who i think has moved to another city is still in shanghai.
题解：此句中先行词man在定语从句中充当主语，而不是think的宾语，因此不能用宾格whom，而应用主格who。
例3  误：we haven’t got much which we can offer you.
正：we haven’t got much that we can offer you.
题解：当定语从句的先行词是all, much, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, one等不定代词时，关系代词用that。
例4  误：it is the best film which has been made on the subject.
正：it is the best film that has been made on the subject.12345
题解：当先行词前有最高级形容词修饰，或有序数词或only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the very 等词修饰时，关系代词用that。
例5  误：do you know the things and persons who are mentioned by the manager？
正：do you know the things and persons that are mentioned by the manager?
题解：先行词是由人和物组成的短语时，关系代词用that。
例6  误：who who you have ever seen can beat him in chess?
正：who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess？
题解：避免与先行词who重复时，关系代词应用that。
例7  误：today the public are much concerned about the way which nature is ruined.
正：today the public are much concerned about the way (that / in which) nature is ruined.
题解：修饰先行词way的定语从句比较特殊，一般用that 或in which引导，通常也可省略。
例8  误：it was midnight that i was waken up by the quarrel upstairs.
正：it was midnight when i was waken up by the quarrel upstairs.
题解：原句被错认为一个强调句，若是强调句，此句应改为：
      it was at midnight that i was wakened up by the quarrel upstairs.
在这一句子中，先行词midnight 在从句中作时间状语，所以应用关系副词when。
例9  误：i don’t like to live in the room which windows face north.
正：i don’t like to live in the room whose windows face north.
题解：此句中先行词room在定语从句中作定语，表示所有关系，所以应用关系代词whose，有时也可用of which 短语替代。此句亦可改为：
i don’t like to live in the room the windows of which face north.
i don’t like to live in the room of which the windows face north.
例10  误：that was the reason why mr. black refused to speak for at the meeting.
正：that was the reason (which / that) mr. black refused to speak for at the meeting.
题解：在定语从句中，选择关系代词还是关系副词，最主要看先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分，如果是主语、宾语或定语，则用关系代词，若为状语，则用关系副词。此句中先行词reason在从句中充当介词for后的宾语，所以可以用that或which，或者省略。若此定语从句中没有介词for，则此句应改为：
    that was the reason why mr. black refused to speak at the meeting. 此时，reason在从句中作原因状语。但这与例句的意义不同。例句的意思是：这就是布莱克先生在会议上拒绝辩护的理由。而此句的意思为：这就是布莱克先生在会议上拒绝发言的原因。
例11  误：as many on-lookers who were on the spot then agreed the motorcyclist was to blame.
正：as many on-lookers as were on the spot then agreed the motorcyclist was to blame.
题解：定语从句的先行词若有such, as修饰，则关系代词用as。
例12  误：that is the same person as asked for help the day before yesterday..12345
正：that is the same person that asked for help the day before yesterday.
题解：先行词有the same修饰时，一般用as，如：he uses the same dictionary as i do.（他用的词典和我的一样）但要注意的是，这句中涉及到两本字典。如果指的是同一个人或物，先行词应该用that。
例13  误：my mother often takes on more work than it is good for her health.
正：my mother often takes on more work than is good for her health.
题解：此句中包含了一个由than引导的定语从句。因先行词work有形容词的比较级修饰，因此关系代词用了than。而此句中的先行词work在定语从句中作主语，所以从句中处于主语位置的it必须删去。
例14  误：mr. white is the man whom you can turn for help when you are in trouble.
正：mr. white is the man to whom you can turn for help when you are in trouble.
题解：先行词man在定语从句中应该作介词to后的宾语，turn to sb. for help，所以此处的介词to不能少。因此，定语从句中介词的选择受到上下文的制约或与前面的名词词组或后面动词词组的搭配有关。
例15  误：is this book you like most？
正：is this the book you like most?
题解：若把原句改成陈述句，“this book is you like most.”不难发现它不是一句定语从句，this book也不是先行词。加了定冠词后，此句改成陈述句就成了：this is the book you like most.先行词book在从句中作宾语，所以可以省略关系代词。 
例16  误：i can think of many cases that students obviously know a lot of english words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
正：i can think of many cases where / in which students obviously know a lot of english words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
题解：先行词case若放回定语从句中，应是in many cases，作状语，故应用关系副词where，或in which。
例17  误：last year he visited tokyo where his brother lived.
正：last year he visited tokyo, where his brother lived.
题解：限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。而非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，他们之间的修饰关系不是很密切，因此对于专有名词，一般都用非限制性定语从句。
例18  误：he has many habits, some of them are harmful.
正：he has many habits, some of which are harmful.
题解：原句错在一个句子中出现了两个简单句，且无连词。用which代替them，使后面的分句变成了非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面的habits。此句若改成如下句子亦可：
           he has many habits, and some of them are harmful.
例19  误：she got the first prize, which we had expected.
正：she got the first prize, as we had expected.
题解：虽然，在非限制性定语从句中，which可以用来指代前面的整个句子，但当表示 “正如”时，一般用as，此外，as引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前，而which不行。12345

exercise:
1. a war broke out _____ lasted for forty years.
a. which   b. when   c. in which   d. where
2. all _____ is needed is a supply of oil.
a. the thing  b. that   c. what    d. which
3. it will not be long before you meet with the same difficult situation _____ was dealt with by those scientists last year.
a. which   b. that   c. as    d. where
4. the person _____ i lent my car is a friend of jack’s mother’s.
a. who   b. whom   c. to who    d. to whom
5. he paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
a. these   b. those   c. that    d. which
6. carol said the work would be done by october, _____ personally i doubt very much.
a. it    b. that   c. when    d. which
7. in his speech, the leader expressed his thanks to those who had supported him and the cause _____ they had fought.
a. which   b. of which  c. that    d. for which
8. the great wall is the place _____ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to china.
a. where   b. which   c. in which   d. of which
9. if a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
a. that   b. which   c. when    d. where
10. we will be shown around he city, schools, museums and some other places, ______ other visitors seldom go.
a. what   b. which   c. where    d. when
11. alec asked the policeman _____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
a. with whom  b. who   c. with whom   d. whom
12. is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
a. he explained     b. what he explained
c. how he explained     d.  why he explained
13. the film brought the hours back to me _____ i was taken good care of in that faraway village.
a. until   b. when   c. that    d. where
14. have seen the film “titanic”, _____ leading actor is world-famous?12345
a. its    b. it’s    c. whose    d. which
15. recently i bought an ancient chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
a. which price  b. the price of which c. its price  d. the price of whose\
16. it was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _____ for the first time in years their team won world cup.
a. that   b. while    c. which   d. when
17. the journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
a. of which  b. during which  c. from which  d. for which
18. the room was full of students, ten of _____ are from foreign countries.
a. whom   b. them    c. those   d. which
19. a fast food restaurant is the place _____, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.
a. which   b. where    c. there   d. what
20. most of the classmates wanted to know the way _____ he learns new course.
a. which   b. in which   c. on which  d. about which

keys:
1~5 a b c d d    6~10 d d b d c    11~15 c a b c d 
16~20 d a a b b 

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