【九年级英语书上册课本】九年级英语上册期末课本重点复习资料

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九年级英语上期期末复习（ unit 1-12 ）
unit 1
1. he studies by asking the teacher for help
by 以 … 方式，靠   + n / doing    i went to school by bus /train /subway / bike / plane /boat….
2. the best way to do sth 做某事的最好方法
3. joining the english club was the best way to improve our english.
动名词作主语 + v 三单
4. have trouble / problem / difficult / a hard time + doing sth 做某事很困难
5. laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
6. last ( 持续 ) + 一段时间   the rain lasted for 6 hours yesterday.
7. regard …..as …… = consider….as…..= treat …… as……. 把 ….. 当成 ……
8. complain to sb about doing sth 抱怨某人做某事
9. except / besides
except 除 … 以外 ….    all the students went to the zoo except me
besides 除 …. 以外 （包括在内）    i have few friends besides you.
10. as soon as…. 一 …. 就 …… （条件状语从句， 主将从现）    i’ll call you as soon as i get there.
11. if 引导宾语从句时 “ 是否 ”  if 引导条件状语从句 “ 假如，如果 ” ，主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
   i don’t know if it will rain ， if it rains ， i won’t go out.
      宾从     条从
unit 2
1. 1 ） used to do sth 过去常常做某事   he used to do homework until 10 pm.
2 ） be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事       i’m used to getting up early.   she is used to living alone.
3 ） be used to do sth = be used for doing sth  被用于做某事      knife is used to cut things = knife is used for cutting things.
2. afford 买得起，负担得起（ … 的费用） i can’t afford a new car.    afford to do sth  负担得起做某事
3. get in trouble with 与 …. 发生纠纷       be patient with sb of sth 在某事上对某人很耐心
4. be proud of  = take pride in + n  / doing 对 ….. 感到骄傲
5. it ‘s time (for sb) to do sth / it’s time for sth  是（某人）该做某事的时候了
unit 3
1. be allowed to do sth 被允许做某事    allow sb to do sth  允许某人做某事     allow to do sth  允许做某事
2. (1) instead of + n /pre / ving
she prefers milk instead of (=rather than) coffee.  we’d like to go sightseeing instead of staying at home.
(2) instead 相反的、代替。常放句末。    i don’t like swimming ， i like playing games instead.
3. so do we 我也是
so + 助、 be 、情态动词 + 主语 “ 某人也一样 ”    i have to do my homework . so does he .12345678910111213141516
nor /neither 助、 be 、情态动词 + 主语 “ 某人也不 ”  mary didn’t go to the party last night . neither /nor did i .
4. i’m not allowed to get my ears pierced.
get sth done / have sth done  这事儿不是主语做的，而是找别人做的。
my bike broke down ， i’ll have it repaired. 我的自行车坏了，我得找人修理。
5. be strict with sb  对某人严格    be strict in sth    在某方面很严格
6. be comfortable to do sth 做某事很方便
7. be good for 对 ….. 有好处。 vegetable and fruit are good for your health.
be good at = do well in + n / pre / doing   擅长 …. he is good at swimming
be good to = be friendly to 对 ….. 很友善。
8. have an opportunity to do sth   有机会做某事。
9.语法：不定代词
(1) some / any 均为 “ 一些 ” ， + 可、不可数名词； some 一般用于肯定， any 多用于否定或疑问句。 但在疑问句中，当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用 some.    ---would you like some coffee ?   ---yes ， please. / no ， thanks
(2)many / much    many + 可数名词      much + 不可数名词    都可与 so ， too ， as ， how 搭配。
(1) either / neither     either 指两者其一    neither 指两者都不
either…..or….. 不是 … 就是 ….    neither…..nor….. 既不 … 也不 ……
10. other ， the other ， others ， the others ， another
1) other 别的、其他的   2) the other 两者中另一个     one …….. ， the other…….. 一个 … 另一个 ……   3) others 泛指别的人或物 =other + 复数名词   some …… ， others….. 一些 ….. 另一些 …..   4) the others 特指其余剩下的人或物     some….. ， the others…… 一些 ….. ，其余的 ……
5) another 任何一个， 另一个。（指三者以上中的任何一个）
11. get in the way of ……. 妨碍 …..
12. on….team . 在 … 队里    he is on the school soccer team.
13. happen 出乎意料的发生   take place 有计划的发生    两者都没有被动语态   this accident has taken place for 5 years.
14. be serious about + n/ pre / doing   对 …. 很认真
15. succeed (in) doing sth 成功地做某事     success  n.    successful  adj
unit 4
1. 数词 +hundred/thousand/million/billion  几百 / 千 / 百万 / 十亿
hundreds/thousands/millions/billions+ of  成百的 / 千的 / 百万的 / 十亿的
2.辨析 bring / take / fetch / carry
3. if i were you ， i’d wear a shirt and tie.     if i had a million dollars ， i’d buy a big house.12345678910111213141516
if 的用法：   1 ）在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，表示一种假设，需用虚拟语气，对现在情况的假设，条件从句中用一般过去时（ be 动词勇 were ），主句用 would/should/could + v 原     if they were here ， they would help you.
2 ）如果假设情况可能发生，句子用陈述语气，条件从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。   if he comes ， i’ll bring him a present.     if it rains tomorrow ， we won’t have a picnic.
4. invite sb to somewhere.   invite sb to do sth
5. 辨析 borrow / lend / keep
borrow …from…. （主语）借进     i borrowed books from school library.
lend…..to ….. （主语）借出    could you lend your dictionary to me?
keep 借并保存一段时间（常用于完成时 for ， since 与搭配，代替 borrow  ）    
 i’ve kept this story book for a month ， and i didn’t return it .
6. 许多。   (1) a lot of ， lots of ， some ， plenty of 既可修饰可数，也可修饰不可数名词。   (2) a number of + 可数名词复数 +v 复 “ 大量的 ” a number of trees are cut down.   (3) the number of + 可数名词复数 +v 三单 “.. 的数量 ” the number of students in our class is 52.
(4) amount of ， much ， a little ， little ， a bit of ， a deal of + 不可数名词 + v 三单    (5) many ， a few ， few + 可数名词复数 +v 复
7. (rather) than 其后动词的形式，与前面动词的形式保持一致。
i like singing than dancing.      宁愿做 … 而不愿做 …..
1 ） would rather do sth than do sth.     2 ） would like to do sth ， than do sth    3 ） prefer to do sth rather than do sth     4 ） prefer doing to doing
8. 害怕做某事   be afraid of doing sth = be terrified of doing sth = be scared of doing sth    be afraid to do sth
9. win 赢得比赛、致词、地位、荣誉        beat 击败某人、某队
10.辨别     noise 噪音     don’t make any noise !     voice 人的嗓音   he has a good voice.    sound  泛指各种声音     the sound of car is too loud.
11. taste  v. 品尝，尝起来    n. 味道，品味   系动词 taste ， smell ， look ， sound ， feel + adj
12. 语法。    give sb sth = give sth to sb   这种结构的动词还有：（加 to 的） give ， show ， send ， bring ， pass ， lend ， tell
  （加 for 的） make ， buy ， do ， have ， cook ， find ， sing12345678910111213141516
  eg: i bought a gift for her. = i bought her a gift      she lent me a book = she lent a book to me.
unit 5
1. --whose book is this?    --it must /might / can’t /could  be sb’s belong to sb.
2. it’s +adj + that ….    it’s necessary /clear/important ……that….
it’s+adj+ to do sth    it’s important/ necessary to work hard.
find/ think + it +adj + to do sth.     i found it difficult to remember english words.
3. 对 … 感到担心。 be anxious/worried about…    worry about
渴望做某事     be anxious to do sth
4. he could be running for exercise.
情态动词 +be +doing sth  （表示猜测可能正在做某事）
5. sth happen to sb 某人碰巧遇到某事   when he walked across the road ， the car accident happened to him.
6. 太 ….  much too + adj
太多 ….too much + 不可数 n  too many + 可数 n
unit 6
1. prefer sth to sth   i prefer fish to meat.
prefer to do sth ， rather than do sth. = would rather do sth than do sth      they prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
prefer doing to doing    jim prefers reading to playing games.
2. play + 运动、棋类、消遣 play basketball/soccer/volleyball/tennis/ping-pong/baseball/chess
play+ the + 乐器   play the guitar/violin/piano/trumpet/drums
3. go+ 运动 ing : go shopping/ fishing / sightseeing/ cooking
4. aloud  loud  loudly
aloud 指读书   read aloud.     loud ， loudly 可互换，但 loud 可作 adj ， loudly 却不能。
5.使 …. 想起 ….  提醒（某人）    remind sb
remind sb of sth   the photos reminded me of my school days.
remind sb to do sth     can you remind me to wake him up at 6:25.
6. though / although 和 but 不能连用
my grandfather is 100 years old ， but he is very health.= though my grandfather is 100 years old ， he is very health.
because 和 so 也不能连用
7. famous = well-known
be famous for     martin is famous for writing story.
be famous as  she is famous as a scientist.
be famous to  the great wall is famous to the world.
8. a few+ 可数名词 （表肯定）一些       a little+ 不可数名词 （表肯定）一些
few    （表否定） 几乎没有      little   （表否定） 几乎没有
9. because + 句子      because of + 名词、代词、动名词短语
he stopped playing soccer because he had a headache.     he stopped playing soccer because of his headache.12345678910111213141516
10. expect to do sth = hope to do sth = wish to do sth.
11. have a great time = have fun = enjoy oneself.
unit 7
1. 辨析 relaxed / relaxing  tired / tiring     fascinated / fascinating
excited / exciting   frustrated / frustrating     disappointed /disappointing
surprised /surprising    amazed / amazing     interested / interesting
（加 ed 的修饰人 “ 感到。。。的 ” ；加 ing 的修饰物 “ 令人。。。的 ” ）
eg: she was surprised to read this surprising news.
相关短语： be excited at     be disappointed at    be surprised at / to do sth
be interested in = taka an interest in + n / ving
2. 旅行。 trek   徒步跋涉   trek trough the jungle/forest/mountain
      travel  泛指旅行   travel around the world.
      trip    短途旅行   have a trip.   trip to chengdu .
3. 想要、愿意做某事 would like to do sth = want to do sth.
    ---where would you like to go ?   ---i’d like to visit somewhere warm.
4. 辨析 cross  through  over  past
(1) cross  从表面上通过    walk cross the street/ bridge/ river….
(2) through  从空间通过    go through the forest/ jungle/ crowed…
(3) over    从上方跨过     jump over the wall
(4) past    从旁边经过     he walked past the window when we were having class.
5. hope / wish   (1) hope to do sth  hope + 从句
(2) wish to do sth  wish sb to do sth   wish + 从句
6. i’d like to go somewhere relaxing.
adj 放不定代词后修饰不定代词。
7. why not + v 原 …..? = why don’t you + v 原 ….?     let’s + v 原
8. consider 考虑、认为    consider doing sth / +how -
(what) +to do sth / + 名词、从句
   eg: we’re considering visiting paris for holiday.
  he has never considered how to solve the problem.
  all of you should consider the feeling of the people.
  do you consider （认为） that we can finish the project on time?
9. one of + adj 最高级 + 复数名词 + v 三单   one of the highest sights in paris is eiffel tower.
10. 辨析 include / including
our school includes two parts: primary and middle school.
i like all sports including playing soccer.
11. traveling around paris by taxi can cost a lot of money.12345678910111213141516
  traveling around paris by taxi 动名词做主语 + v 三单
  one of the cheapest ways to visit paris is taking the underground train.
  动名词作表语从句的主语
12.辨析 cost  spend  pay  take
  sth costs(cost)……       the tv cost me 500 dollars
  sb spend (spent) ….. on sth /doing sth    i spent 500 dollars on the tv.
         i spent 500 dollars buying the tv.
  sb pay (paid) …. for…    i paid 500 dollars for the tv.
  it takes (took) sb ….. to do sth.      it took me 500 dollars to buy the tv.
13. unless = if not     条件状语从句，由 if ，   unless 引导。   （主将从现， 主过从过）
  if it doesn’t rain ， we’ll go fishing.   unless you see a doctor ， you shouldn’t take the medicine.
14. 提供。   (1)provide sb with sth = provide sth for sb.
he tried to find a job to provide his family with food. 
he tried to find a job to provide food for his family.
(2) offer sb sth = offer sth to sb.  she offered money to the poor children.
   offer to do sth 自愿做某事
15. mind ， finish ， keep ， be busy ， feel like ， practice ， have fun ， enjoy ，
have trouble/problem/difficult/ a hard time ， permit ， spend ， be worth ， keep on ， keep ，      be used to ， continue ， give up ， put off ， end up ， pay attention to ， look forward to ，    consider ， suggest ， can’t help ， miss + doing sth     feel ， hear ， see ， find ， watch ， notice sb do sth （做过） doing sth （正在做）
16.辨析 stop to do / stop doing    remember to do / remember doing
   forget to do / forget doing     try to do / try doing
   go on to do / go on doing      allow to do / allow doing
17. 在介词后（ in ， at ， after ， on ， to ， for ， of ， by ， against ， with ， without ， after ， before ， ）如果要用动词，只能用 ving   i study for a test by working with groups.
18. enough 的用法
  adj / adv + enough  足够。。。样   enough + n   足够的。。。
19.语法：主谓一致。    1 ） 当 and 或 both …and… 连接两个或三个名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。   & nbsp; both you and i are good friends.
   2. ）不定代词作主语 +v 三单 (either ， neither ， each ， the other ， another ， any/every/no/some 引导的不定代词 ) everyone is going to beach tomorrow.12345678910111213141516
   3. ) 由 each ， every 引导的作主语，指同一个人时， +v 三单   each boy and girl was given a gift.
   4. ) 主语后有 with ， along with ， together with ， as well as ， more than ， including ， besides ， like ， except ， but.  谓语动词由前面的主语决定 .
    mr li with his wife and children is coming next week.   tom besides his friends plays volleyball every afternoon.
  5)either…or….    neither…nor…   not only…but also… 连接两个主语，谓语动词有靠近它的主语决定，即就近原则。
    not only my parents but also i am looking forward to meeting my uncle.  either you or he is right.
  6)there be 句型的 be 动词由靠近它的主语决定，即就近原则。     there is a table and many desks in the room.
  7)one of + 复数名词 + v 三单    one of the women is from america.
20. dream of doing sth
  achieve/ come true    i believe i will achieve my dream one day.= i believe my dream will come true one day.
21. receive / accept
    i’ve received her invitation to the party ， but i didn’t accept it ， because i’m busy.
22. 辨析 so that   so….. that….   such…. that… 
1) so that = in order that    he works hard so that he can make more money.
2) such 修饰强调名词。   such + a/an + adj + n +that 从句 mary is such a young girl that she can’t go to school.
   such + adj+ 不可数名词、复数名词 + that 从句
 3)so 修饰强调 adj 或 adv.    so + adj / adv + that 从句    he is so clever that he can work out all the problems.
 4 ) 当名词由 many ， much ， few ， little 修饰时，只能用 so
      so many/ few+ 可数名词复数 +that 从句     so much/ little+ 不可数名词 +that 从句    there are so much time that i can play with friends.
 5) too…to… = not… enough to …. = so….. that….
23. 短语     be willing to do sth   be similar to     it seems that…  seem to do sth
hold on to..     according to
24. 定语从句 （详见 unit 6-7 ）   1 ) 一般情况下， that 可指人，也可指物，可代替 who ， whom ， which; 但不能和介词搭配。 which 指物    who ， whom ， whose 指人    where 指某地    when 指某时
   a doctor is a person who looks after people’ health.12345678910111213141516
   i like the places where people are friendly.
2 ) 掌握 that 的几种特殊用法（详见书上） 3 ) 掌握 whom ， which 与介词的用法
units 8-12
1.  volunteer one’s time to do sth 自愿花费时间做某事
2.  make a plan to do sth = plan to do sth 计划或某事
3.  take after = be similar to 和 …. 相似
4.  repair = fix up 修理
5.  thank you (thanks) for doing sth
6.  like 表举例时 “ 像 ….” 其后如果跟动词必须用 doing
7.  be(get) used to doing sth 习惯于做某事    used to do sth  过去常常做某事
be used to do sth = be used for doing sth （某物）被用于做某事
8.辨析 bring ， take ， carry ， fetch
bring 拿来        take  带走   carry 携带，搭乘，运载，抬    fetch 取回
9.  adj/adv + enough 足够 …..      enough + n  足够的 ….
10. divide …..into….. 把 …. 划分成 …
11. the popularity of basketball has risen worldwide.  
 popularity 人口 + v 三单
12. the number of (….. 的数量 )  +v 三单   a number of ( 大量的 )  + v 复数
13. dream of doing sth 梦想做某事
14. happen = take place  ( 没有被动语态 )
15. 辨析    forget to do sth  忘记去做某事          forget doing sth  忘记做过某事
  leave (left) sth somewhere 把（某物）忘在某地    lose – lost--lost 丢失
16.到达    arrive at / in + 地点        get to + 地点     reach + 地点     注明：如果后面不跟地点只能用 arrive
17. on time 准时     in time 按时
18. wake up  醒来   wake – woke – waken     hang out 闲逛
19. wait (for) sbto do sth  等待某人做某事
20. invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事   invite sb to somewhere 邀请某人去某地
21.辨析 embarrassed / embarrassing
22. show up 出现、出席     stay up 熬夜
23. dress up 装扮、打扮      dress sb (in) 给（某人）穿衣服
    wear 穿着、戴着（表状态）       put on 穿上 （表动作）
24. hundreds of 数百的、 thousands of 数千的、
millions of 数百万的、 billions of 数十亿的。
  数词 + hundred / thousand / million / billion 几百、几千、几百万、几十亿
25. marry sb 嫁给（某人）      get married 和（某人）结婚
26. sell out 卖完   sell – sold – sold
27. there be 句型中的 be 动词用 is 还是 are ，取决于靠近它的主语是单数还是复数。12345678910111213141516
28.问路方式：    could you tell me (do you know) how to get to ……?
       could you tell me the way to ….?
       could you tell me where i can (do sth)..?
       could you tell me where …. is ?
      could you tell me if there is / are ….. around here ?
29. be interested in = take an interest in + n / doing
30. 宁愿做某事，而不愿做某事。 1) prefer to do sth rather than do sth
2) would rather do sth than do sth   3) prefer doing to doing sth
注： (rather) than 后面的动词形式与前面的并列成分一致。
31. look for 寻找    find 找到、发现     find out 查明、弄清楚
32. be convenient to do sth 方便做某事
33. have fun = have a good time = enjoy oneself 玩得高兴     have fun doing sth 做某事很愉快
34. a good place to do sth 做某事的好地方
35. dress up as …. 打扮成
36 when （一般后跟过去时）     while （一般后跟进行时）
37. it’s necessary to do sth 做某事很有必要
38. borrow …..from….  向 …. 借 ….     lend sth to sb  借给某人某物 .    keep 借并保存一定时间 . 常与一段时间连用。
i’ve kept this book for a week. 我已经借了这本书一周了
39. wonder = want to know 想知道
40. trouble 打扰、麻烦
    have trouble / difficult / problem / a hard time  + doing sth 做某事很困难
41. in order to …… 为了 …..  in order not to be late ， he rush to the bus stop.
42. be supposed to do sth （不）应该做某事 ..
43. drop by 顺便拜访
44. after all 毕竟     捡起，挑选 pick up   指着 point at     make a noise 制造噪音      沿着 …. 一直走 ….walk down …
45. make 的用法     make + adj     make sb do sth
(hear ， watch ， see ， have 等用法相同 ) （但变为被动语态时，其后加 to
 my mother made me to work 5 hours.  i was made to work 5 hours.
46. make mistake 犯错
47. 辨析 except / besides    except （除 ….. 之外） everyone went to the beach except jim.
 besides （除 …. 之外，包括在内） i have a lot of friends besides mary.
48. find(think) it + adj + to do sth. 发现、认为做某事是 ……
49. 不再 …..    not ……any more ( any longer)  = no more( no longer)
语法专项
动词的分类和时态
1.   动词短语。
  1 ）动词 + 介词   look at ， listen to ， look after ， look for ， wait for ， take after ， depend on ， think of ， hand in ，12345678910111213141516
hear from ， hear of ， study for 等，此类动词后的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后。
look at the blackboard.       look after it carefully.
 2 ） 动词 + 副词
turn off ， turn on ， turn up ， turn down ， pick up ， set up ， cheer up ， clean up ， work out ， put up ， fix up ， cut up ， give out ， give up ， give away ， put away ， think over ， put off ， use up ， hand out ， mix up ， look up ， eat up 等 . 此类动词后的宾语是名词时，放在副词前后都可，若是代词， 必须放在中间 .
he turn off the light when he left.    he picked it up and give it to me.
⑶ 其他动词短语：
 get along with ， take pride in ， pay attention to ， make good use of ， be proud of ， keep away from ， be busy with ， be made of ， be good at ， be interested in ， come up with ， be satisfied with
2. 非延续动词   buy ， lend ， borrow ， die ， begin ， stop ， finish ， arrive ， join ， go ， come 等。不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，要用延续动词替换。（详见   现在完成时）
3.系动词   be ， become ， get ， look ， seem ， turn ， sound ， smell ， taste ， feel ， keep
4. 助动词   be ， have ， has ， do ， does ， did ， will ， shall ( 详见   p54 )
ⅰ.动词的五种基本形式 ( 详见   p55 )
ⅱ.用法：
⑴   一般现在时。
1. 肯定句：主语 +v 原 + 其他。 i usually go to school by bus.   
主语（三单） +v 三单    she plays tennis once a week.
疑问句： - do+ 主语 +v 原 …… ？      does+ 主语（三单） + v 原 …… ？
否定句：主语 +don’t + v 原 .   主语（三单） + doesn’t + v 原 .
2 . 用法： ⑴ 表示经常或习惯性发生的动作。
⑵ 表示客观真理、事实。   the earth goes around the sun.
⑶ 在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 ( if ， as soon as ， until ， when)
  if it rains tomorrow ， we won’t go to the park.  when i grow up ， i’ll go to paris.
3. 时间状语： always ， often ， sometimes ， usually ， on sunday ， on monday afternoon ， every day/month/year/week ， in the morning ， once a year ， twice a day ， three times a day 等
⑵ 一般过去时。
1 . ⑴ 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。   i got up late this morning.
⑵ 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。 when i was in the countryside. i often swam in the river.  i used to go fishing.
2 . 结构：   肯定句：主语 + v 过去 + 其他。    we visited the museum last week.
      my friend tom went to the beach yesterday.12345678910111213141516
  疑问句： did+ 主语 + v 原 …… ？   did you go shopping with him?   
 did she cook dinner for her family?
  否定句：主语 +didn’t+ v 原 …… 。 he didn’t go to see the movie last sunday.
3 . 动词的规则变化。
4 . 时间状语： yesterday ， last night/week/year/month ， last sunday ， in 1995 ， the other day ， just now ， ago 等
⑶ 一般将来时。
1 . 用法。 ① 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。其构成： will + v 原
  肯定句： they will leave for shanghai next week.
  否定句： we won’t vi sit him tomorrow.
  疑问句： will you go to shanghai in two weeks?
( 注：当主语为 i 或 we 时，问句中可用 shall)    where shall we meet tomorrow?
②  be going to+ v 原 表示计划、打算做某事。
---what are you going to do next sunday?   ---i am going to listen to music.
look at the clouds ， there is going to rain.
③现在进行时 be +ving  有时可以表示将来。
常用这种结构的动词： go ， come ， leave ， stay ， start ， arrive  we’re leaving for london.
（ 4 ）现在进行时
 1. 构成： 肯定句：主语 + is / am / are +ving
疑问句： is /am /are + 主语 +ving
否定句：主语 + isn’t / am not / aren’t + ving
2 . 用法： ①表示正在进行的动作   i’m reading book now.
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或状态。 they are studying hard this term.
3 . 时间状语 now ， these days ， 当句中有 look ， listen ， can’t you see ， can you see 时     listen! he is singing.
(5) 现在完成时
1 . already / yet 已经   already 一般用于肯定，与完成时态和进行时连用，也可以用于疑问句，表惊讶。 i have already finished my work.
 yet 一般用于否定或疑问句。 has she gone to school yet ?     his parents haven’t been to paris yet.
2 . 现在完成时表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与 for ， since 连用 .
现在完成时表示动作才刚结束，但影响还在。
i have lost my pen .( 结果是我的笔丢失了，我现在没有钢笔了 )
--have you found your watch yet ?    --no ， i haven’t found it yet.
i have lived here for 10 years . 我已经在这里住了 10 年（可能还会继续住下去）
3 . 结构：  &nb sp; 肯定句：主语 + have / has +v 过分
   疑问句： have /has + 主语 + v 过分
   否定句：主语 + haven’t / hasn’t + v 过分
4 . 时间状语   yet ， already ， recently ， just ， once ， never ， ever ， so far ， these days.     since + 过去的时间点 / 过去时态     for + 一段时间     in the last(past) + 一段时间
5 . 延续和非延续动词。     在现在完成时中，有些动词不能与一段时间搭配，所以在与 for ， since 引导的肯定句搭配时，要用其他动词替代：12345678910111213141516
   buy---have    borrow---keep   die---be dead   go/leave/move---be away (from)
   begin/start---be on    fall asleep---be asleep   finish/end---be over 
   join---be in/ be a + 名词    come---be here   open---be open   close---be closed
i’ve left the school for 3 years. (  )  i’ve been away from the school for 3 years. (  )
6 . 辨析 have / has been to ，   have /has gone to ，    have has been in
have/ has been to …  曾经去过某地，现在已经回来   i have been to paris 3 times.
have/has gone to…   去了某地，现在还没回来，可能还在路上。
--where is your father ?  --- he has gone to shanghai .
have/has been in…   已经在某地（呆了多久）
 my family have been in chengdu for 20 years
(6) 过去进行时
1. 结构 was / were + doing
2 . 用法  ① 表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作
  ---what were you doing at 9:30 last night?  --- i was watching tv.
3 . when 一般接一般过去时   i was doing my homework when my father came home.
   while 一般接进行时   while my mother was cleaning ， i went out.     he was playing basketball while she was reading books.
（ 7 ）过去完成时
1 . 过去完成时表示过去某个时间以前好或过去某个动作以前，已经发生的动作或状态。（过去的过去）
when i got to school ， i realized i had left my backpack at hone.  by the time she got to class ， the teacher had started teaching.
2 . 结构： had + v 过分
3 . 时间状语 ： by the time + 表示过去的时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时。
   by the time we arrived at the shop ， the bus had left.
动词、短语辨析
1 . dress ， put on ， wear
   dress sb / oneself (in) 给某人穿衣。 she dressed her baby in a red skirt.
   dress up 打扮、装扮   the girl dressed herself up ant went to the party.
   put on （动作）穿上 it’s cold outside ， put on your coat.
wear = be in 穿着、戴着   lily wears t-shirt every day. = lily is in t-shirt every day.
2 . arrive ， get ， reach
arrive + at / in + 地点     when did you arrive in chengdu ?
get to + 地点       how do you get to school ?
reach + 地点    when she reached the supermarket ， her mother is shopping.
3 . die ， dead ， death ， dying
   die （动词）死亡 → （过去时） died     his friend died 3 years ago.12345678910111213141516
   dead （ die 的过去分词，用于完成时，与 for ， since 搭配）
    his friend has been dead for 3 years.
   death （名词）死亡    his death is the loss （损失） of china.
   dying  垂死的    the poor man is dying.
4 .  lose ， forget ， leave
lose 丢失、失去
forget 忘记   forget to do sth  /  forget doing sth
leave + 地点 “ 把某物落在某地）
5. 以 must 开头的疑问句，肯定回答用 must ， 否定回答用 needn’t
---must i finish the work today ?     ---no ， you needn’t.
---may i come in?  ---no ， you musn’t.
非谓语动词
一 动词不定式
1 . 结构 to + v 原   / not to +v 原
2 . 用法 ① 作主语 + v 三单     to speak english is not easy for us.
② 作表语     my job is to clean the room.
③ 作宾语     he likes to play soccer.
④ 作宾语补足语   she asked me not to speak loudly.
⑤ 作定语     have you got anything to eat ?
⑥ 作状语     i went to the library to study english. （表目的）
注： 作宾语的不定式如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加介词。
i don’t have enough time to study for the test ， so i have something to worry about.
i need a room to live in
不定式作宾语： want ， refuse ， wish ， need ， choose ， hope ， agree ， would like ， offer ， expect ， decide ， ask + to do sth
i hope to find a good job after graduating from school.
不定式作宾补： tell ， a -
sk ， want ， allow ， get ， would like ， encourage + sb (not) to do sth
my mother asks me not to play computer games before finishing homework.
不带 to 的不定式 : why not + do …?  had better (not) do sth.  
would better (not) do…     could/would/will you (not) do…..?
     另外，有些感官动词和使役动词也不带 to:
    hear ， see ， watch ， notice ， feel ， let ， make ， have + sb (not) do …. 但变为被动时，要加 to 
    the boss made them work the whole day.
    they were made to work the whole day. （被动）
感叹句
（一） what 引导
  1 . what + a/an + adj + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语     what a beautiful girl she is !
  2 . what + adj + 可数名词复数、不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语     what sweet water it is !
（二） how 引导
  how +adj / adv + 主语 + 谓语     how interesting the film is !
（三）如何判断用 what 还是 how12345678910111213141516
凡是有 a / an 开头，多用 what ； 凡是 adj 直接加名词的，多用 what ；其他一般用 how.
状语从句
一.时间状语从句 when ， while ， as ， before ， after ， since ， until ， as soon as.
(1) 当主语是一般将来时或祈使句或有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时， “ 主将从现 ”   i’ll ring you as soon as i get to school. 我一到学校就打电话给你。
(2) 肯定句： until  = till 直到      i’ll wait for you until you come back.
否定句： until = before   not …. until 直到 …. 才 ……    i didn’t go to bed until i finished my homework. 。
二.条件状语从句   if ， as long as （只要） ， unless （除非）
主将从现     i’ll visit you if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.   use your head ， and you’ll find a way.
    unless you work hard ， you’ll get a good job.    if the traffic lights are green ， you can cross the street.
宾语从句
一.宾语从句的语态。
    宾语从句要用陈述语态
--- do you know ______ for shanghai last night?   a. what time he leaves   b. what time did he leave     c. what time he left.
二.主句与从句时态一致。
1. 如果主句用现在的某个时态，宾语从句视实际情况而定。
   i wonder if you can help me. 我想知道你是否能帮我。
2. 主过 --- 从过 
   he told me that he would take part in english club. 他告诉我他将参加英语俱乐部。
   he asked me if i used his bike. 他问我是否我用过他的自行车。
3 . 如果是客观事实，宾语从句用一般现在时。   jim told me that the earth is round.    jim 告诉我地球是圆的。
三.连接词
1 . that 可省略， that 作主语时不能省。
2 . what ， which ， who ， whose ， whom     he asked me whose the book is.
3 . when ， how ， where ， why     could you tell me where the restaurant is.
         do you know how to get to the bank?
4 .  if / whether 是否
以下情况只能用 whether :
与 or not 连用       can you tell me whether we go or not.
作介词后的宾语从句  &nbs p;  i’m worried about whether we should study each other ，
跟不定式 to do      have you decided whether to go with us.
定语从句的用法
定语从句中只能使用 that 的情况   　　
1. 当先行词为 anything ， everything ， nothing 等不定代词时，只能使用 “that” 。
例： is there anything that i can do for you?( 我能给你做点什么吗？ )
2. 当先行词为 all ， any ， much ， many 词时，只能使用 “that” 。12345678910111213141516
例： tom told her mother all that had happened.( 汤姆把事情的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。 )
3. 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，只能使用 “that” 。
例： this is the most wonderful time that i have ever had. ( 这是我度过的最美好的时光 )
4. 当先行词是序数词修饰时，只能使用 “that” 。例：
he was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
5. 先行词被 the only ， the very ， the same ， the last 修饰时，只能使用 “that” 。例： this will be the last chance that he can get.( 这将会是他得到的唯一机会。 ) 　 he is the only person that can help you out.( 他是唯一能帮你的人。 )
6. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能使用 “that” 。
例： they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.( 他们谈论他们记得的有关学校的事和人 )
7 当主句是以 who ， which 开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是 who 时，只能使用 “that” 。
例： which is the book that he bought from the library yesterday?( 哪本是你们昨天从图书馆借的书? )
注意： ● 指物时，在介词后只能用 which ，而不能用 that.
● 定词从句修饰代表地点、时间的先行词时，要看代表先行词的关系词在定语从句中是否作谓语动词的宾语 . 如作动词的宾语，就要用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句 . 反之，要用关系副词 where （表地点）或 when （表时间），在定语从句中作状语 .
如 :mary would never forget the evening when she lost the book.     i’ve been to the city that you visited last week.
被动语态注意事项 -  >● 构成
被动语态表明一个被动性动作，它由 “ 助动词 be ＋及物动词的过去分词 ” 构成。   一般现在时 am/is/are + pp.   一般过去时 was /were + pp.
一般将来时 will be + pp.   am/is/are going to be+ pp.
情态动词 may/ can/ must/ should be + pp.
被动语态否定式为 be not + pp. ，
情态动词被动语态否定式为情态动词＋ not be + pp..
● 主动语态变为被动语态时，通常将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变为由介词 by 引导的宾语；谓语动词变为被动语态 “be + 过去分词 ” 形式，例如： everyone likes the interesting film. ( 主动语态 )
→ the interesting film is liked by everyone. ( 被动语态 )
   they used knives to cut things. ( 主动语态 )
 → knives are used to cut things. ( 被动语态 )
● 某些动词可以跟双宾语如 give 、 pass 、 bring 、 write ； buy 、 make 等，在变为被动语态时如果直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，则间接宾语通常由介词 to 、 for 引出。例如： my sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday.
→a nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday. 我过生日时收到了姐姐的一块手表。
they have bought us many books. → many books have been bought for us by them. 很多书都是由他们给我们买的。12345678910111213141516
● 某些动词 make 、 hear 、 see 、 watch 等在主动语态中，其宾语补足语要求用不带 to 的不定式。但在变为被动语态时通常省略的不定式符号 to 必须恢复。如： he made us clean the classroom after school.→we were made to clean the classroom after school. 我们被迫在放学后打扫教室。 
 i saw him come into the room. → he was seen to come into the room. 人们看见他进了屋子。
● 在主动语态中如果谓语动词是含有介词或副词的短语动词，变为被动语态时不能丢掉该介词或副词。如：
    they must take good care of the children. → the children must be taken good care of. 孩子们必须小心照看。
● 英语中某些动词如 sell 、 lock 、 draw 、 smell 、 touch 、 feel 、 sounds 、 write 、 be worth doing 、 sth. needs doing 等可以用主动表示被动意义。如： this kind of books sells well. 这种书畅销。   the door won’t lock. 门锁不上。

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