[高二英语课本电子版]高二英语Livingwithtechnology教案

【jiaoan.jxxyjl.com--高二英语教案】

module 7 improving our lives unit 1 living with technology welcome to the unit useful words
dust catcher               吸尘器 flatiron ["flæt,aiәn]           熨斗 electric rice cooker           电锅 electromagnetic oven 电磁炉 electronic calculator   计算器 electric fan                 电风扇 hair dryer                           干发器 gramophone                留声机radiation                            辐射 antennae      [æn"tenə]     天线
useful phrases be invented to meet people’s needs            为满足民众的需求而被发明 improve people’s lives to some degree         在一定程度上改善了人民的生活 language points 1.        technological developments in the last few decades have been breathtaking.breathtakingadj. very impressive, exciting, or surprisinga breathtaking car race  惊险的汽车比赛the breathtaking natural beauty / scenery of the rainforests  热带雨林令人惊叹的自然美景2.        early tv was in black and white and had fuzzy pictures.fuzzyadj. unclear; covered with soft short hair/fur失真的; 模糊的a few fuzzy memories of his grandparents  对祖父母的一些模糊的记忆a fuzzy videotape of the bank robbery        一盘模糊的银行劫案的录像带3.        with mobile phones, we can keep in touch with others wherever we are.however作连词，不管用什么方法    you can travel however you like.作副词，“无论如何”、“不管怎样”   you won"t move that stone, however strong you are.作副词，“究竟怎么”（表示惊奇）       however did you get here without a car? whenever作连词，“任何时候”      i"ll discuss it with you whenever you like. 作副词，“任何时间”“任何时候”    he might turn up on monday , or friday, or whenever, and expect to be given a meal.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051wherever作连词，“在任何地方”、“到任何地方”、“在任何情况下”      sit wherever you like.whatever作代词, 无论, 不管     keep calm, whatever happens作代词，任何, 每样    we will be grateful for whatever amount you can afford. or whatever:或其他类似的事物 take any sport basketball, ice hockey, swimming or whatever. 作形容词，“任何的”、“无论什么的”、“任何种类、程度等的”      take whatever measures you consider best.touch取得/保持联系     we"re in close touch with our office in spain.lose touch失去联系    we lost touch over the years 4.        how have different electronic devices changed over time?electronic     电子的           electricity     n.electric         用(带)电的，产生电的electrical              和电有关的，电的       +more general nounselectronic dictionaries/music/banking/mailan electric cable/blanket/fan/cooker     electrical equipment/devices/appliances an electrical fault/engineeran electric(al) company/current/shockreading
part a 1. when did regular public tv broadcasting begin around the world? it began on 11 may 1928 in new york and in london on 20 agugust 1929. 2. what is webtv? it is the tv set combined with the world wide web. 3. what was invented in 1954? the cassette recorder. part c1 t t f f f t t
part c2 year        event 1877       first recording of a human voice was made 1925       first public showings of wireless tv transmissions were made in the usa. 1948       cable tv began in the usa; 3 american scientists invented the transistor 1951       color broadcasts began in the usa. 1954       invention of transistor led to the development of cassette recorders 1958       first lps(long-play records) came onto the market 1962       satellite began to be used to broadcast tv. 1982       first cds produced by using digital technology were made available 1987       development of mp3 technology started in germany 1989       international standards for digital tv were established 1992       development of md palyer began. 1996       first web tv set-top boxes came onto the market. language points 1.        some consider digital tv to be superior to satellite tv.(page 2,line 19)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051considerbe of the opinion; regard sb/sth as sth 认为; 视某人[某事物]为: we consider that you are not to blame. 我们认为不该责怪你.
* we consider this (to be) very important. 我们认为这非常重要.
* do you consider it wise to interfere? 你认为应该干预吗?
* he will be considered a weak leader. 他会被认为是个软弱无能的领导人.
* a painting previously considered as worthless, but which now turns out to be very valuable 一幅先前认为毫无价值的画, 现在却变成了珍品
* he"s generally considered to have the finest tenor voice in the country. 现在公认他是该国最佳的男高音歌手.
* (formal) he"s very well considered (if people have a high opinion of him) within the company. 他在公司中受到很高的评价. * consider yourself (if you are) under arrest. 你已被逮捕.superior n.    长者, 高手, 上级 be superior to  “比 ……好,比…..强” in my opinion, trousers made by hand are superior to those made by machines. 在我看来, 手工制作的裤子要比机器加工的好.of the two books, i think this one is superior to that. 就这两本书而言, 我认为这本比那本更好.we will need a letter of recommendation from one of your superiors.
我们需要一封你们领导写的推荐信.immediate superiors  顶头上司 superiority [sju:,piәri"ɒriti]     n.  优越, 高傲    [化] 优越性 2.        at that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand and only played a record for two minutes (page 3,line 31-32)wind to turn or twist the nurse wound a bandage around my finger so that bleeding could be stopped.the little boy wound his arms around his mother’s waist and prevented her leaving.remember to wind the clock every night before you go to bed if you do not want it to stop.3.        this combines the tv set with the world wide web.(page 2, line 25)combine…with…  to join something together with a good way of teaching children is to combine teaching with pleasure.theory should be combined with practice.in water, two atoms of hydrogen are combined with an atom of oxygen.4.        it all began in 1877 when thomas edison made the first recording of a human voice.(page 3, lines 29-30)recordingl         [c] sound or pictures that have been recorded on tape, video, etc: a cassette / tape / video recording ◆ a hit recording on cassette and cd ◆ a recording of english music for clarinet and orchestral         [u] the process of making a record, tape, film/movie, etc: during the recording of the show ◆ recording equipment / techniques ◆ a recording session / studio123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051l         [u] the process or act of writing down and storing information for official purposes: the recording of financial transactionsmake a recording of录制5.        they bought the patent and applied the technology to create the transistor radio.(page 3, lines39-40)apply      to bring or put into use or operation运用, 应用某事物 to apply economic sanctions / political pressure ◆ the new technology was applied to farming.scientific discoveries are often applied to industrial processes. 科学上的发明通常都应用于工业生产过程.make a formal request申请; 请求you should apply immediately, in person or by letter. 你应该立即申请, 亲自去也好, 写信也好.* apply to the publishers for permission to reprint an extract 向出版者请求准予转印节录* apply for a job, post, passport, visa 申请工作﹑职位﹑护照﹑签证.make (a law, etc) operate or become effective使（法律等）实施或生效apply a law/rule/precept 执行法律[规则/规程] * apply economic sanctions 施行经济制裁.6.        in the following years, more cd recordings became available, and in 1988, for the first time ever, people were demanding more cds than lps.(page 3, lines 48-49)demand need, to need in order to be successful      需求（某事物）; 需要  demand+n/prnoun/to infinitive/object clause this sort of work demands great patience. 这种工作需要极大耐性.
 * does the letter demand an immediate answer? = must it be answered at once? the work of a teacher demands great care and patience.教师的工作需要极大的细心和耐心.demand ask for (sth) as if one is commanding, or as if one has a right to do so 要求, 请求（某事物） demand an apology (from sb) 要求（某人）道歉* the workers are demanding better pay. 工人要求提高工资.she demanded to speak to the manager. 她要求跟经理谈话.he demands that he (should) be told/demands to be told everything.他要求将一切都告诉他.demand  (for sb to do sth); ~ (for sth/that...)
command, or sth which is given as if it was a command 要求; 请求 receive a tax demand 接到纳税通知 it is impossible to satisfy all your demands. 满足你所有的要求是不可能的. there have been fresh demands for the prime minister to resign. 人们最近不断要求首相辞职. * demands for reform/that there should be reform 改革要求. supply and demand  [经] 供应与需求 7.        development of mp3 technology started in 1987 in germany and since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of mp3 has increased to such a degree that major corporations are taking over the portable music player market with mp3 players. (page 3, lines 53-56)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051degree [c, u] step or stage in a scale or series 程度; 等级 she shows a high degree of skill in her work. 她在工作中表现出高度的技巧.he was not in the slightest degree interested, ie was completely uninterested. 他丝毫不感兴趣. * to what degree (= to what extent, how much) was he involved in the crimes? 他在多大程度上参与了这些犯罪活动?the children have different degrees of ability. 孩子的能力高低各不相同.to what degree can they be trusted. 对他们能信任到什么程度.to what degree is she interested in films? 她对电影的兴趣都到了什么程度了?8.        because of the popularity of mp3 players, music websites have sprung up all over the internet offering mp3 music for people to purchase.(page 3, lines 57-58)spring up appear, develop, grow, etc quickly or suddenly 迅速地或突然地出现﹑发展﹑生长等 weeds springing up everywhere 很快长得到处都是的杂草a breeze sprang up as we were returning. 我们回来时突然起了一阵轻风.new houses were springing up all over the town. 全镇各处很快盖起了新房子.   spring out of bed    spring to one’s feet   (=stand up suddenly) spring     n.      春天；弹簧, 发条；泉 9.        germany was the birthplace of mp3, not japan or the usa as i had assumed they would be.(page 5)assumei didn"t see your car,so i assumed you"d gone out.我没有看见你的汽车，所以以为你已经出去了assuming that this painting is really a van gogh, how much do you think it’s worth?important words delight   verb[vn] to give sb a lot of pleasure and enjoyment: this news will delight his fans all over the world.phrasal verbs: delight in sth / doing sth [no passive] to enjoy doing sth very much, especially sth that makes other people feel embarrassed, uncomfortable, etc.variety   n[u] quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all times offer, show, lack variety 提供﹑显示出﹑缺乏多样化的事物* a life full of change and variety 丰富多彩的生活* we all need variety in our diet. 我们都需要饮食多样化. [sing] ~ (of sth) number or range of different things; assortment 若干不同的事物（的混合）he left for a variety of reasons. 他由於种种原因而离开了. * a large/wide variety of patterns to choose from 可供选择的种类繁多的花样. variety store (us) shop selling a wide range of small inexpensive items 杂货铺.word power important wordsfunction1 work; operate 起作用; 运转: his brain seems to be functioning normally. 他的大脑看来功能正常. * this machine has stopped functioning= is out of order. 这机器坏了. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051we now have a functioning shower.2 ~ as sth work as sth; operate or perform the function of the thing specified 起某物的作用; 具有某物的功能; 起到所述事物的作用the sofa can also function as a bed. 这沙发也可以当床.some english adverbs function as adjectives. 英语中有些副词可作形容词用.grammar and usageimportant words1.      direction (p8)n. [u] control or instruction: 命令 the project was under the direction of a well-known academic. [c] the position towards which someone or sth. moves or faces: 方向 tom went off in one direction and harry in another. 汤姆朝一个方向走, 哈里则朝另一个方向* the aircraft was flying in a northerly direction. 飞机正在向北飞去. * the signpost points in a westerly direction. 路标指向西. [c,pl.] information or instructions about what to do, where to go, how to do sth, etc 指南; 指示;说明书; 用法说明; 操作说明: simple directions for assembling the model are printed on the box. 盒上印有装配模型的简要说明.* i gave him full directions to enable him to find the house. 我向他作了详细说明, 好让他能找到那房子.[u] management; supervision; guidance 管理; 监督; 指导; 指点:he did the work under my direction. 他在我的指导下做这件事. * she was entrusted with the direction of the project. 她受委托负责这项计划. * he feels the need for firm direction = wants sb to guide and advise him.directions [pl] address on a letter, parcel, etc （信件﹑包裹等上的）姓名地址:the parcel was returned to the sender because the directions were incorrect. 包裹因姓名地址有误而退给了寄件人.2.      anyhow(p8)= anyway, whatever the facts may be; in spite of this; at least 无论如何; 即使如此; 至少 it"s too late now, anyhow. 无论如何现在已经太迟了. * anyhow, you can try. 至少你可以试试.in a careless way; not arranged in an order: she piled the papers in a heap on her desk, just anyhow.the books were lying on the shelves just/all anyhow. 书都乱放在书架上.* he made notes anyhow across the page. 他在那页上胡乱作了些笔记.3.      up to(p9)(a) as a maximum number or amount 作为最大数量; 多达: i can take up to four people in my car. 我的汽车最多能坐四个人.* count up to twenty slowly 慢慢数到二十.(b) (also up until sth) not further or later than sth; as far as sth 不多於; 不迟於; 直到: read up to page 100. 读到第100页. * up to now he"s been quiet. 他直到此刻仍保持沉默.* up until the war she had never lived alone. 她在战争爆发前从未独自生活过. (c) comparable with sth 可与某事物相比: it"s not up to his usual standard. 这次没达到他平时的水平. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051(d) capable of sth 有某种能力的; 能胜任: he"s not up to the part of othello. 他演不了奥赛罗这个角色.* i don"t feel up to going to work today. 我今天不舒服, 不能上班.(e) (infml 口) occupied or busy with sth 正在做着或忙於某事物: what"s he up to? 他忙什麽呢? * he"s up to no good, ie doing sth bad. 他现在没干好事.* what tricks has she been up to (=playing)? 她搞什麽鬼呢?task language points 1.      not everything that you hear will be equally important. (p10)并非你听到的每一件事情都同样重要此句为部分否定句,句意是.= everything that you hear will not be equally important. 在英语中 all, both, every, everyone, everything 等与否定词 not 连用时，表示的是部分否定，而非全部否定。例如：  i don’t know all of them. 我并不全认识他们。  i don’t like both of the books. 这两本书我并不都喜欢。 not every student goes to the farm on sundays. 并非每个学生星期天都去农场。 not everyone in our class likes football. 在我们班并非每个人都喜欢足球。若要表示全部否定，则应用相应的表示全部否定的否定词。如： all → none （一个人也没有、没有任何东西）， both → neither （两个都不）， every → no， everyone → no one（nobody）， everything → nothing 等。上述四个例句要表示全部否定应分别为： i know none of them. 他们我都不认识。i like neither of the books.这两本书我都不喜欢。no student goes to the farm on sundays.星期天没有学生去农场。no one/ nobody in our class likes football.我们班没有人喜欢足球。 important words 1.      in other words (p12)used to introduce an explanation that is simpler than the one given earlier: 换句话说
he was economical with the truth - in other words, he was lying.
in your own words  用自己的话说 in a word   简言之 in one’s own word  用某人自己的语言 keep one’s word  遵守诺言 break one’s word 违背诺言 have a word with sb.  和某人说句话 have words with sb.  和某人吵架 eat one’s words   收回某人所说的话 leave word   留下口信 word comes that   消息传来说……

useful phrases
i would advise you to buy…. i would recommend the first one to you . i think you may/ could/ would buy….. it seems to me that…. in my opinion…..
project reading main point / supporting details using a mobile phone doubles the risk of developing brain cancer.the report is based on the findings of research that was carried out in sweden, comparing 1,617 patients found to have brain tumors between 1997 and XX with the same number of healthy people.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051digital mobile phones are an actual danger.the study, conducted with 200 mice, of which half were exposed to radiation while the other half did not receive any radiation, shows that the first half were found to have more than twice the cancer rate of the second half after eighteen months.the reasons why there is no definite scientific evidence available now about the effects of mobile phones on people’s health.enormous profit from the telecommunications industry prevents the bad results of findings from being revealed.useful expressions
it is said that…/ it is acknowledged that… sb. believed/ thought that hold an opinion that additionally/ in addition on the other hand in the same way
… language points 1.      this study was conducted with 200 mice, half of which were exposed to radiation while the other half did not receive any radiation. (p14) 该研究的实验对象是200只老鼠,其中半数暴露在辐射环境下, 而另一半未受到任何辐射.exposen. [c] account of the facts of a situation, esp when these are shocking or have been kept deliberately secret 叙述, 报道（尤指令人震惊的或曾故意保密的） the newspaper published an expose of the film star"s past life. 报纸发表了该影星的逸闻.* an expose of corruption within the government 揭露政府内部腐败情况的报道. v. [t]  (a) uncover or make (sth) visible; display 显露或露出（某事物）; 显示: when he smiled he exposed a set of perfect white teeth. 他笑时露出了一口漂亮的白牙.(b) ~ sth/sb/oneself (to sth) uncover or leave sb/sth/oneself uncovered or unprotected 显露或暴露某人[某事物/自己];处於无遮蔽或不受保护的状态: the soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock.泥土被洪水冲走,露出光秃秃的岩石.* expose soldiers to unnecessary risks 使士兵冒不必要的危险* expose one"s skin to the sun 使皮肤暴露於阳光下* the baby was left exposed to the wind and rain. 婴儿被离弃於风雨之中.(a) make known (sth secret); reveal 揭露（秘密）; 揭穿; 揭发; 揭破; 显露: expose a plot, project, plan, etc 揭露阴谋﹑方案﹑计划等 * that unfortunate remark exposed his ignorance of the subject. 他说了那句不妥的话, 暴露了自己对此事的无知. (b) make known (the guilt or wrongdoing) of ( a secretly guilty person) 揭露（某人）的（不为人知的罪恶或过错）; 揭穿; 揭发; 揭破: expose crime, scandal, injustice, fraud, etc 揭露罪行﹑丑闻﹑冤假错案﹑骗局等* expose a criminal, an impostor, a culprit, etc 揭露罪犯﹑冒名顶替者﹑犯错误的人等.2.      thus, the findings have not been made public, and the industry is saying that there is not enough evidence to do so. (p15) 因此,一些研究结果一直未与公开, 而电信公司却说证据还不够充分123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051thus    adv. in this way: 就这样 bend from the waist, thus. the universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.with this result: 因此 they planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.we do not own the building. thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.3.      can we have faith in them and believe that they are being honest?have faith in  信任,相信 i still have faith in john despite his shortcomings.虽然约翰有缺点, 但我对他还是信任的. he still has great talent, but he has lost faith in himself.他仍然很有天赋, 但是他已经丧失了信心. unit revision words list
1.device2.consumer3.signal4.questionnaire5.transistor6.patent7.compact8.corporation9.launch10.evolution装置；设备消费者信号；暗号问卷；调查表晶体管专利紧密地公司发射演变；进化11.accompany12.ample13.budget14.elegantly15.inbuilt16.scan17.clip18.battery19.guarantee20.terminal陪伴、陪同 充足的 预算 高雅地 内置的 扫描；浏览 夹子 电池 保证 终端

21.tumour 22.caution 23.theory 24.parallel 25.acknowledge 26.valid 27.assume 28.fuzzy 29.clarity 30.definition 肿瘤 谨慎；小心 理论 平行线 承认；认可 有根据的； 假设；设想 模糊不清的 清晰度 定义 31. conference 32. honest 33. profit 34.merely 35.birthplace 36.anyhow 37.model 38.hint 39.shape 40.measure 会议；研讨会 诚实的；真诚的 利润；利益 仅仅；只有 出生地；诞生地 无论如何 模型；型号 暗示 形状；塑造 测量；度量

41.tiny 42.suitable 43.recorder 44.degree 45.personally 46.uncertain 47.cigarette 48.equal 小的；微小的 合适的；适当的 录音机 度；程度 从个人角度；亲自 不确定的 香烟 相等的；平等的
phrases
1.      数码相机 2.      未必、不一定 3.      电流 4.      相信、信任、信仰 5.      光盘 6.      使某人高兴得是 7.      各种 8.      与…有联系（相关联） 9.      代表、象征 10.   上市，面市 11.   给...上发条 12.   及时赶上 13.   向...前进 14.   既然那样，在此情况下 15.   目前，暂时 16.   可以接受200个频道 17.   把...连接到 18.   和 19.   占领市场 20.   对科学发展作贡献 21.   给人民的生活带来极大的方便 22.   各种不同的功能 23.   开展研究/调查 24.   可被放心使用 25.   对熟悉 26.   不乐意做… 27.   占领市场 28.   在随后的几年里 29.   家用电器 30.   电子产品 31.   条形码 32.   在某种程度上 digital camera not necessarily electric current have faith in compact disc to one’s delight a variety of be associated with stand for come onto the market wind up in time for head for in that case for the time being have access to 200 channels combine...with along with take over the market contribute to the development of science bring great convenience to people’s lives all sorts of different functions conduct a study/survey can be used without caution be familiar with be unwilling to do take over the market in the following years household appliance electronic goods bar codes to some extent123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
expressions 1. contribute to 对…捐助；投稿；有助于，导致   2. head for ……朝……去3. be responsible for sth.负责某事              take the responsibility for 负起...的责任4. in time for 及时，正好  be in time to do sth.来得及做某事5. be superior to 比…优越；超过                be better than = be ahead of 6. by means of 用…方法 by this means通过这种方法           in this way/ manner    with this method7. come onto the market上市；面市         on sale在售中   for sale 待售8. by accident偶然，碰巧            by chance                         9. combine a with b将a与b联合起来10. up to date最新的，最近的                                       11. apply to sb. for sth.向某人申请某事12. be capable of doing sth. 能够做某事   be able to do sth.13. take over接管，接受                                                 14. previous to = before 在…以前15. be based on 以…为基础；基于…之上                     16. spring up涌现，突然出现；迅猛发展17. be associated with与…有联系     be concerned with            be connected with18. in color彩色的                                                             19. have faith in = have belief in相信，信任，信仰20. wind up给…上发条                                                     21. in terms of 在…方面；从…方面来说12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505122. a variety of = varieties of 各式各样的
unit 2 fit for life welcome to the unit useful words an eye doctor = an optician[ɒp"tiʃәn]     a dentist              a person who takes care of people’s teeth a physician    a person who has general skill to treat physical problems a surgeon             a person who performs medical operations important words operatev. [i] to cut open sb"s body in order to remove a part that has a disease or to repair a part that is damaged the doctors operated last night. ◆ we will have to operate on his eyes. ◆ to operate for suspected acute appendicitisare they going to operate on him? 他们打算给他做手术吗?v. [i or t] to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect the medicine began to operate at once. 药立刻开始见效.◆ solar panels can only operate in sunlight.◆ (figurative) some people can only operate well under pressure.ever(1)    at any time  曾; 曾经: have you ever been to london? 你去过伦敦吗?he is seldom, if ever, absent from school. 他简直从不缺课.(2)    at any time (before/up till now) 在任何时候（之前[直至现在]） it"s raining harder than ever. 雨下得更大了. * this is the best work you"ve ever done. 这是你所做的最好的工作. * he hated her more than ever, when he got that letter. 他接到那封信後, 越发憎恨她了.(3)     continuously总是; 不停地: he is ever repeating the same old story. 他老是老调重弹.(4)    for all time: i like the house but i don"t imagine i"ll live there forever.我喜欢这所房子,但我没有想象我将永远住在那儿.(5)    continually since that time: he"s been depressed ever since he got divorced. 自从他离婚以来他一直很抑郁.ever since: 从…以来 than ever (before): 比过去任何时候 reading effects of aspirin
reduce fever help stop body pains reduce the risk of heart attacks prevent a stroke reduce the risk of colon cancer increase the length of people’s lives help with diabetes
effects of penicillinhelp in treating wounds and infections treat other illnesses including pneumonia important words 1.      open upto become or make sth possible, available or able to be reached: the new catalogue will open up the market for our products. ◆ the railway opened up the east of the country. ◆ exciting possibilities were opening up for her in the new job.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051to begin business for the day; to start a new business: i open up the store for the day at around 8.30.to show sth. that was hidden or not previously known: the debate could open up sharp differences between the countries.这次辩论能够揭露这些国家之间的明显差异.to make a space larger or less enclosed: we"re going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls. 我们打算把墙壁推倒来扩大我们的厨房.to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings i"ve never opened up to anyone like i do to you. 我从来没有对任何人象对你一样地敞开心扉.2.      probabilitywhat is the probability of winning? 获胜的可能性有多大? there"s a high/strong probability (that) (= it is very likely that) she"ll be here. 很可能她会来这儿. probablethe probable cause of death was heart failure. 死亡的可能原因是心脏病. probable与likely意思相近，有时可以互换；possible的语气稍弱。它们各自的句型如下： it’s probable/possible for sb. to do sth.. it’s probable/possible that… it’s likely that… sb./sth. is likely to do sth.. 3.      recommendv. [t]  to suggest that someone or sth. would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done: she has been recommended for promotion. 她已经被推荐提升了.[+that]the doctor recommended (that) i take more exercise.       医生建议我进行更多的锻炼 .[+ ing form of verb] i recommend writing your feelings down on paper. 我建议你把自己的感觉写在纸上.
recommended adj it is dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of this medicine. 服用超过这种药的建议量是很危险的.recommendation:  n. i got the job on his recommendation. 在他的举荐下我得到了这份工作.[+ that] the report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.这份报告建议不要再建造监狱.4.      trialn. [c or u] a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable sth. or someone is（对能力﹑质量﹑性能等的）测试, 试验, 考验
they"ve employed her for a six-month trial (period). 他们雇佣她已经有6个月的试用期了.give job applicants a trial 对求职者进行测试 * put a car through safety trials 对汽车进行安全性能试验this new method is on trial.    这个新方法正在试用．we must put the machine to trial=we must give the machine a trial我们必须试行运转那部机器5.      contain   (not in the continuous tenses 不用于进行时态)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051to have something inside or include something as a part包含; 含有
the atlas contains forty maps. 这地图集共有四十幅地图. * whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol. 威士忌所含酒精的百分比很高.be capable of holding (sth) 可容纳（某事物） this barrel contains 50 litres. 这个桶容量为50升.◆ the bottle contains (= can hold) two litres.keep (sth/oneself) under control; keep within limits; hold back 控制（某事物[自己]）; 抑制; 克制: i was so furious i couldn"t contain myself= had to express my feelings.我气极了,无法克制自己.* please contain your enthusiasm for a moment. 请你暂且控制住感情.* she could hardly contain her excitement. 她抑制不住内心的激动.prevent (sth) from spreading harmfully or becoming more serious阻止（某事物）的蔓延或恶化 has the revolt been contained? 叛乱是否已受到遏止?6.      thin(1) having a small distance between two opposite sides: a thin book一本薄书
(2) (of the body) with little flesh on the bones:
thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets.又瘦又饿的狗在街上游荡.
(3) (of a liquid) flowing easily:
thin soup, stew, gravy, etc 稀汤﹑稀汁炖肉﹑稀肉汁.(4) v. [t] to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it:
thin wine with water用水冲淡酒

7.      length(1)[c or u] the measurement of sth. from end to end or along its longest side: the boat is ten metres in length. 这艘船长10米.
(2) [c] a piece of sth. such as string or pipe:
a length of rope  一段绳子
(3) [c] the amount of time sth. takes:
the length of a film/speech/play一部电影/一篇讲话/一部戏剧的长短 at length(a) (fml 文) after a long time; eventually; at last 经过一段长时间之後; 终於; 最後: at length the bus arrived, forty minutes late. 公共汽车终於来了, 晚了四十分钟.(b) taking a long time; in great detail; fully 长时间地; 详尽地; 充分地: discuss sth at some, great, excessive, etc length 比较﹑极为﹑过分等详细地讨论某事*he went on at tedious length about his favourite hobby.他仍不厌其详地讲他的业余爱好.

8.      quantity[u and c] an amount of something that can be counted or measured quantity of 　the police also found a quantity of ammunition in the flat.　add 50 grams of butter, and the same quantity of sugar.a large/small/vast etc quantity of sth 　he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol.　huge quantities of oil were spilling into the sea.in large/small/sufficient etc quantities 　buy vegetables in small quantities, for your immediate use.　your work has improved in quantity and quality this term.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051[u] the large amount of something 　the sheer quantity of text meant that people did not read the whole of their newspaper. in quantity:    in large amounts 　it"s a lot cheaper if you buy it in quantity .hint sense 1              do not say "a big quantity". say a large quantity. 表示“许多”的词或短语如下： (1)修饰可数名词的：many, a great/good many, quite a few, a large/great number of/numbers of ,many a, (2) 修饰不可数名词的：much, a great deal of, a large amount of/large amounts of (3) 既可以修饰可数又可以修饰不可数名词的： a lot of/lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of /large quantities of, a mass of, masses of 9.      relief[u, sing] ~ (from sth) lessening or removing of pain, distress, anxiety, etc （痛苦﹑ 困苦﹑ 忧虑等的）减轻或解除: bring, seek, find, give, feel relief 带来﹑寻求﹑得到﹑予以﹑感到解脱* doctors working for the relief of suffering, hardship, etc 为解除病痛﹑痛苦等而工作的医生[u] that which brings relief(1); assistance given to people in need or to a disaster area 减轻或解除痛苦等的事物; 向需要帮助者或灾区提供的援助: send relief (eg food, tents, money, etc) to those made homeless by floods给水灾中无家可归的人发送救援物资（如食品﹑ 帐篷﹑ 金钱等）relieve[pain]to reduce someone"s pain or unpleasant feelings 　drugs helped to relieve the pain.relieve tension/pressure/stress etc　some people eat for comfort, to relieve their anxieties.[problem] to make a problem less difficult or serious 　programs aimed at relieving unemployment[replace somebody]to replace someone when they have completed their duty or when they need a rest 　the guard will be relieved at midnight.relieve sb of sthto help sb by taking sth heavy or difficult from them: let me relieve you of some of your bags.the new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.(informal, ironic) to steal sth from sb: a boy with a knife relieved him of his wallet. to dismiss sb from a job, position, etc: general beale was relieved of his command. 10.  fundamentalof or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essential 基本的; 基础的; 构成基础的; 根本的: there are fundamentaldifferences between your religious beliefs and mine.你我的宗教信仰根本不同.serving as a starting-point; basic 作为起点的; 基本的: the fundamental rules of mathematics 数学的基本法则.most important; central or primary 十分重要的; 主要的; 首要的: his fundamental concern was for her welfare. 他最关心的是她的幸福.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051* the fundamental question is a political one. 首要的问题是政治问题.~ (to sth) essential or necessary 根本的; 必要的: hard work is fundamental to success. 必须苦干才能成功.fundamentally basically 基本地; 基础地; 根本地: her ideas are fundamentally sound, even if she says silly things sometimes.即使她有时说些傻话, 她的想法基本上是好的.11.  contemporary~ (with sb/sth) belonging to the same time: we have no contemporary account of the battle (= written near the time that it happened).◆ he was contemporary with the dramatist congreve.belonging to the present time synonym: modern life in contemporary britain ◆ contemporary fiction / music / danceuseful phrases
focus on 集中于(某事物) open up 打开 carry out 执行;实施;完成 give up 放弃 mass production 大量生产 see through 看透;识破 be made from 由…做成，用…做成 try out 试验 put off 推迟；推延 put up with 忍受 look down up轻视；看不起 make out 分清；认出来 be unable to不能，不会 in addition 除…之外；另外 in large quantities大量地 come true成为现实；实现 be used to 被用于；习惯于 figure out计算出；解决；合计（为） be made from 由…制成 be funfamental to对…是必要的；对…是根本的 thousands of 成千上万的 have influence on 对…产生影响 go away走；开离开；消失 leave behind 忘带；留下；超过 save one’s life 救某人的命 make the arrange of 作安排 talk over （彻底而严肃地）商议，商量，讨论 set up设置，树立，建立，设立，创办 go wrong 犯错；弄错，走错了路；出了毛病，坏掉 take measures to do sth采取措施做某事
word power important words 1.      leave behind留下（不带走）、遗忘（没拿）   don’t leave me behind. 不要留下我。
leave alone 不管、撇下一个人 leave aside  搁置 leave about （东西）乱放 leave out  漏掉、删除 leave word 留言
2.      wardn. 保卫；牢房；病房；监护      surgical ward 外科病房vt. 守护；保卫；防止；挡住    keep watch and ward over a person 日夜监视某人grammar and usage phrasal verbs a group of words that is used like a verb and consists of a verb with an adverb or preposition after it, for example "set off" or "look after". a phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition, for example "shut up" or "look after", which together have a particular meaning. examplesverb+ adverb fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.they have agreed to put aside their differences in the interests of winning the election.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051everything he said at the conference was put down.when was the theory put forward?another supermarket has been put up near our house.verb + prepositiondoctors are looking into the case for new treatment.sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.verb + adverb + prepositionhow can you put up with this for so long?it is not right to look down upon those who have aids.watch out for cars while you are crossing the street.we must catch up with them.let’s face up to the situation.your ideas fit in with mine.let’s get down to our business.we’ll get through with the project next month. he gave in to the wish of the majority.verb+noun+prepositiontake care of 照顾，照料; make room for 给…腾地方; make friends with 与…交朋友; play a joke on 戏弄某人; have a look at 看一看; say goodbye to 告辞 be+adjective+preposition
be late for 迟到 be angry with 生气 be busy with 忙于 be short for 是…的简称 be interested in 对…感兴趣 be famous for 因…而著名 be good at 擅长 be different from 与…不同 be good/bad for 对…有益/害 be friendly to 对…友好
verb+oneself+preposition
help oneself to 随便吃 give oneself to 热心于 occupy oneself with 忙于 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 dress oneself in 穿着 devote oneself to 专心,致力于,献身 throw oneself to 投身于
more than one meanings(1)    his accent gives him away as a southerner. 出卖，泄露秘密 (2)    he gave away most of his money to charity.赠送 (3)    they gave away their last chance of winning the match. 送掉，放弃 (4)    the mayor gave away the prizes at the school sports day. 颁发 (5)    she took me in completely with her story.欺骗 (6)    he was homeless, so we took him in.收容  (7)    fish take in oxygen through their gills.吸收 (8)    i hope you’re taking in what i’m saying.理解 (9)    she pays the bills by taking in washing.在家承接（活计等） language points 1.      put through(1) put somebody/something⇔through to (telephone) phrasal verbto connect someone to someone else on the telephone could you put me through to customer services, please?could you put me through to eddie?(2) put sb. through sth. (bad experience) phrasal verb to make someone experience something unpleasant or difficult: i"m sorry to put you through this ordeal. 我很抱歉让你经受这种折磨.the soldiers were put through eight weeks of basic training.they really put me through it at the interview.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051(3) put sth⇔throughto do what is necessary in order to get a plan or suggestion accepted or approved 　production will start up again when these changes have been put through.2.      decide ondecide on sth./sb. phrasal verb to choose something or someone after careful thought: i"ve decided on blue for the bathroom. 我决定浴室用兰色.have you decided on a date for the wedding?we"re still trying to decide on a venue. i can"t decide on who to invite.3.      split up[i or t] to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line: the prize was split between them. 这笔奖金在他们之间平分了.the teacher split the children (up) into three groups. 老师把孩子们分成三个小组.split up (with sb)end a friendship, relationship or marriage; separate 绝交; 断绝关系; 离婚; 分离: jenny and joe have split up. 珍妮和乔闹翻了. * john has just split up with his girl-friend. 约翰刚刚跟女朋友吹了. -could i speak to the public relations officer? -speaking. / sorry, she isn’t here at the moment. 4.      enquiry   [us also inquiry](a) [c] ~ (about/concerning sb/sth) (fml) request for help or information (about sb/sth) 请求帮助; 询问: in answer to your recent inquiry, the book you mention is not in stock.您近日询问的书暂时无货, 谨此奉覆.* i"ve been making (some) inquiries (ie trying to find out) about it. 我一直在（多方）打听这件事.* [attrib 作定语] an inquiry desk/office 问讯台[处].(b) inquiries [pl] place from which one can get information 问讯处: `how do i apply for this licence?" `you want inquiries." ‘怎样申请许可证?’‘你得到问讯处打听.’* directory inquiries =giving information about telephone numbers 电话号码查询台.  [u] (fml 文) asking; inquiring 问询; 调查; 查询: learn sth by inquiry 经查询得知某事* the police are following several lines of inquiry. 警方正沿几条线索进行调查.* on inquiry (ie having asked) i found it was true. 我经打听方知事情属实.  [c] ~ (into sth) investigation 调查; 查究: hold an official inquiry 进行正式调查* call for a public inquiry into safety standards 要求公开调查安全情况.5.      handfulan amount that you can hold in your hand the boy picked up a handful of stones and started throwing them at us.a handful of stha very small number of people or things 　there were only a handful of people there.be a handful informal someone, especially a child, who is a handful is difficult to control 　she"s a lovely child, but she can be a bit of a handful sometimes.1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950516.      annualhappening every year 每年的; 年度的; 一年一次的: annual event, meeting, report, show, visit 一年一次的大事﹑ 会议﹑ 报告﹑ 演出﹑ 访问. calculated for the year 按年度计算的: an annual income, production, rainfall, subscription 年收入﹑ 产量﹑ 雨量﹑ （预订）费. lasting for one year 持续一年的: the annual course of the sun 太阳在一年期间的运行.what is your annual income? 你的年收入是多少？an annual event 年度大事7.      my pleasure不用谢 it"s a pleasure. also ( it"s) my pleasure."it was so kind of you to give us a lift." "don"t mention it - it was a pleasure.with pleasure formal "could you carry the box for me? ""oh, with pleasure."
phrasal verbs family
look after 照看 look down upon 轻视，看不起 look into 调查，朝……里面看 look up to 尊敬，尊重 look on sb. as 把某人看作…… look out (for) 当心，注意 look through 审核，仔细地看 look up 向上看，查阅 set about doing 开始做，处理 set aside 留出，对……不予考虑 set down 写下，记下 set off 出发，动身，使……爆炸，引起，激发 set out 陈列，出发，动身，开始 set up 设置，竖起，创立，引起 fill in 填充，填写 fill out 填写 fill with 使充满 fill up 填满，被塞满 make use of 利用 make up 编造，弥补，化妆 make up for 补偿 make for  前往 be made up of 由……组成 make it  及时抵达, 做成 make oneself understood / heard … 使某人… make an arrangement 安排 take down 写下，记下 take off  脱下，成功 take up  从事，拿起 take away 拿起，使消失，取走 take place 发生 take advantage of 利用 take after 象，学……样子 take apart 拆开，粗暴对待，剖析 take back 送还，接回，取消，使回忆起 take for 认为，以为 take on 披上，呈现，具有，雇用，承担 take over 把……从一地带到另一地，接受，接管
task language points 1.      current[only before noun] happening now; of the present time: current prices ◆ a budget for the current year ◆ your current employer à actualbeing used by or accepted by most people: words that are no longer current 2.      certain(1)having no doubt or knowing exactly that sth. is true, or known to be true, correct, exact or effective:
are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number?you should make certain (that) everyone understands the instructions.(2) know/say for certain: to know or state sth. without doubt i don"t know for certain if she"s coming.
(3) adj. [before noun] formal
named but neither famous nor known well:123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
i had lunch today with a certain tom - not the tom, i should explain.make certain/sure of/that…to take action so that you are certain that sth. happens, is true, etc:make certain (that) we have enough drink for the party.made sure of the time and the place of the meeting.note: some student=a certain student某个学生some students 一些学生  certain students 某些学生 project language points 1.      they think that the use of acupuncture began during the stone age when …or sharp-edged tools,…sharp adj. 锋利的,尖的;突然的,急转弯的; 尖刻的,辛辣的;灵敏的,敏锐的. 1). 这把大剪刀不够快，剪不动草。 the shears aren’t sharp enough to cut the grass. a sharp drop in price　价格的聚降 a sharp turn to the left　向左急转 2).  we were surprised by the sharp tone of her comments. 她尖锐的评论令我们吃惊． 3). the cheese is a little too sharp for me. 我觉得这干酪味道太重了． a sharp sense of humor 很强的幽默感 2.      …and a sword-like needle for letting liquid out of swollen parts.let sth. out 放出；泄露，透出；发出（叫声）；出租；把（衣服）放大 don’t let it out about my losing my job, will you? 别泄露我失业了，好吗？ they decided to let out the smaller offices at low rents. 3.      some people have also used acupuncture to treat addictions to cigarettes,…addiction n.（常与to连用）成瘾，沉溺，入迷 i"m addicted to (= i very often eat/drink) chocolate/lattes. 我吃巧克力成瘾.her addiction to alcohol ruined her life. 他的酒瘾毁了他的一生． some weight problems are caused by an addiction to sugar and fat.unit revision word list
1.probability 2.historian 3.chemist 4.physician 5.recipe 6.best-selling 7.author 8.length 9.widespread 10.wrist 可能性 历史学家 化学家；药剂师 医生；内科医生 处方；食谱 畅销的 作者 长度 普遍的 手腕 11.note 12.lung 13.rapidly 14.wonder 15.enquiry 16.eyesight 17.sharp 18.pulse 19.function 20.swollen 注意到，记录 肺 迅速地；快速地 奇迹 询问；咨询 视力 锋利的；尖的 脉搏 功能；作用 肿胀的

21.bark 22.trial 23.tablet 24.milligram 25.painkiller 26.stroke 27.contemporary 28.colon 29.mould 30.transparent 树皮；狗叫 试用；考验 药片；写字板 毫克 止痛药 中风 当代的；当代人 结肠 霉 透明的 31.purify 32.bacterial 33.pneumounia 34.physiology 35.relief 36.potential 37.fundamental 38.detail 39.booklet 40.adjustable 净化；提纯 细菌的 肺炎 生理学 减轻，缓解 潜在的；可能的 基础的；根本的 详情；细节 小册子 可调节的

41.magic 42.needle 43.acupuncture 44.ward 45.pottery 46.sword 47.silver 48.surgical 49.symptom 50.herbal 有魔力的 针 针灸 病房 陶器 剑 银；银子 外科的 症状 草本植物的；药草的123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
phrases 1. focus on集中                                      2. open up                         3. carry out执行，实施                                  4. in large quantities 大量地 5.see through 看透，看穿                      6. try out试验 7. look around参观；环顾                      8. put through接通 9. decide on对……做出决定                         10. turn up出现，到场   make a decision(s)决定                       11. fill in填写（表格） 12. split up划分天来分割                        13.take down记下；记录 14.be fundamental to对……是必要的           15.let out放出，发出 16.a handful of少数的，少量的                     17.if so如果这样的话 18.at least至少                                       19.millions of数百万 20.in fact实际上   in actual fact   as a matter of fact
1.increase the length of people’s life 2. in large quantities 3.an operating theatre 4.reduce the risk of heart attack 5.reduce blood sugar levels 6.book stand 7.let out a cry 8.make up for 9.be badly in need of 10.put out 11.be open to 12.a handful of 13.take down/put down/write down 14.millions of 15.secondary school 16.block sth. from… 17.medical history 18.look into 19.protect one’s eyesight 20.look out for 21.stainless steel 22.acupuncture points 23.fill in form/blanks/gaps 24.make out 25.be well received by 26.come into power 27.no wonder 28.blood vessel 29.mass production 30.turn up 31. be fundamental to 32.try sth. out on… 33.operating theatre 34.emergency room 35.consulting room 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051延长寿命 大量地 手术室 患心脏病的风险 减低血糖 书架、阅览架 发出一声叫喊 弥补 急需 扑灭 对…开放 少量的 取下、拿下；记下；写下 成百万的 （英国）中 阻止…做… 病历、病史 调查 保护视力 当心、小心 不锈钢 针灸点 填表 辨认出 很受欢迎 上台、执政 难怪 血管 大量生产 出现；到场；露面 对…是必要的 在…上试用某物 手术室 急诊室 诊室

unit 3 the world online welcome to the unit language points 1.      search for information on a variety of topics. (p33) 就各种话题搜索信息。search    verb
1) [i or t] to look somewhere carefully in order to find sth.:
the police searched the woods for the missing boy.
she searched his face for some sign of forgiveness, but it remained expressionless.
2) [i] to try to find the answer to a problem:
philosophers have searched for millennia but they haven"t found the meaning of life.
3) [t] a police officer who searches you or your possessions looks for sth. you might be hiding:
the men were searched for drugs and then released.a variety of   variety   noun
1) [c] a different type of sth.:
the article was about the different varieties of spanish spoken in south america.
this variety of rose is especially hardy and drought-resistant.
our supermarket stocks apples in several different varieties.
2) [s] many different types of things or people:
she does a variety of fitness activities.
the equipment could be used for a variety of educational purposes.
manufacturers need large sales to justify offering a big variety in export markets.2.      keep in touch with family members wherever you are in the world. (p33)无论你在世界的任何地方读可以与家人保持联系。 wherever1) adv., conj. to or in any or every place: we can go wherever you like.wherever i go i always seem to bump into him.all across europe, wherever you look, marriage is in decline and divorce rates are soaring.  2) adverb
used instead of "where" to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise:
wherever did you find that hat!
wherever did you get that idea!
wherever does he get the money from to go on all these exotic journeys?reading
part a 1. they are about different effects of the internet on our lives. 2. two. 3. uncontrolled information and the change in the way people spend their time. part c1 a f a f f a part c2 ü         the internet is a great help to people who are in need of various information. ü         people use the internet to build social ties. ü         the amount of false information on the internet becomes more of a problem every day. ü         spending too much time building relationships on the internet can damage people’s abilities to live normal lives.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
language points 1.      that is to say, i believe that the internet has positive effects on our lives. (p34) 也就是说，我相信因特网对我们的生活产生正面的影响。 effect1) the result of a particular influence: n. [c or u] the radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment.i tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn"t have any effect.2) use: noun [u] the present system of payment will remain in effect (= be used) until the end of the rental agreement.
when do the new driving laws come into effect?

2.      the first is its value for people who are looking for information. (p34)     第一是因特网对于搜索信息的人具有的价值。  valuen. 1) [s or u] the importance or worth of something for someone:
for them, the house"s main value lay in its quiet country location.
they are known to place/put/set a high value on good presentation.2) [u] how useful or important sth. is:
the photos are of immense historical value.
his contribution was of little or no practical value.
3) the amount of money which can be received for sth.:
she had already sold everything of value that she possessed.
what is the value of the prize?3.      these statistics prove that gathering information is the primary use for the internet.primary a) [usually before noun] most important/main our primary concern is to provide the refugees with food and healthcare.primary purpose/aim/objective their primary objective is to make money.personal safety is of primary importance=is primarily important [only before noun] primary educationteaching at primary level

4.      the second most common use of the internet, according to 79 percent of the survey respondents , is to advance knowledge about the hobbies. ( line 19)advance  vt. 推进,进展,提出 n. 前进,预先 advance the growth of industry  推进工业的增长advance a new plan 提出新计划make great advances (progress) 取得进步in advance 预先,提前in advance of  在—之前, 在—前面if you want to get the book, you must pay for it in advance. 如果你要买这本书，你得先付款he walked in advance of his wife. 他走在他妻子的前面5.      another truly wonderful aspect of the internet is the way people use it to build social ties.build social ties建立社会联系 (line23) tie  n. we have established trade ties with these regions.我们和这些地区建立了贸易关系。he was wearing a black tie. (领带)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051tie vt 绑,系 tie to  把…栓在he tied his horse to the stick. 他把马栓在木桩上.6.      benefit  vt/vi. 对…有利; 从…得到利益the new hospital benefited us enormously.i benefited enormously from my father’s advice.n. 利益, 恩惠, 益处i got a lot of benefit from learning a foreign language.be of benefit to 对…有益 for the benefit of  为了…的利益 benefit from/by  得益于…that experience was of great benefit to me.the warning sign was put there for the benefit of the public.we can benefit from exercises.7.      moreover adv. 而且,此外,再者 (line26) =what’s more=besides=in additionhe was, moreover, a poet of promise.此外,他还是一个有前途的诗人。bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn"t pollute the air.骑自行车是很好的运动;而且还不污染环境。8.      the main drawback of the internet i will address today are uncontrolled information.(l34)address[usually passive] ~ sth (to sb/sth) to write on an envelope, etc. the name and address of the person, company, etc. that you are sending it to by mail: the letter was correctly addressed, but delivered to the wrong house.◆ address your application to the personnel manager.to make a formal speech to a group of people: to address a meeting / rally / conference◆ the president has been asked to address the assembly. ~ sb      ~ sth to sb (formal) to say sth directly to sb: i was surprised when he addressed me in english.◆ any questions should be addressed to your teacher.◆ the book is addressed to the general reader. ~ sb (as sth) to use a particular name or title for sb when you speak or write to them: there are different ways in which to address a member of the royal family. ◆ the judge should be addressed as "your honour".
◆ in britain, a surgeon is addressed as "mr" not "dr". ~ (yourself to) sth (formal) to think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it: your essay does not address the real issues.◆ we must address ourselves to the problem of traffic pollution.9.      these problems of inaccuracy do not occur as often when people use traditional ways to find information. (p35)如果人们用传统的方法，这些由不精确信息引起的问题就不会如此频繁出现了。 occur     verb [i] -rr-
(especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to happen:
an accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
verb [i + adverb or preposition] (-rr-)
to exist or be present in, among, etc:
violence of some sort seems to occur in every society.occur to sb.  phrasal verb
if a thought or idea occurs to you, it comes into your mind:
 [+ that] it never even occurred to us that he hadn"t been invited.10.  advantage n. 优势,有利条件(p35. line37)richard has an advantage over you since he can speak german.they took full advantage of the hotel"s facilities. take advantage of=use/make use of there is little advantage in buying a dictionary if you can"t read.不识字买字典没什么用useful phrases
have positive effects on sth 对...有积极的影响 have negative effects on sth对...有消极的影响 be included in 包括 in need of 需要 weather forecasts 天气预报 current affairs 时事新闻 academic research 学术研究、 turn to sb (for help) 向某人求助 acquire knowledge from 从—获取知识 communicate with sb on sth  在某方面和某人交流 all sorts of topics 各种话题 a waste of time 浪费时间 instead of 代替，而不是 search for answers to questions 寻找问题的答案 advance knowledge 增加知识 gather information 收集信息 be based on 以…为基础 rather than 而不是 access to sth 得到某物，通往某地的通道 be involved in  涉及，卷入 hand in papers 提交论文 affect people’s private lives 影响人们的私生活 gain popularity 得到普及 be/become addicted to （doing）沉溺于，对…上瘾 feel disconnected to sth 与...切断联系 limit the use of 限制...的使用 handle the problems 处理问题 form lifelong friendship 形成一生的友谊 build social ties 建立社会联系 at an internet cafe 在网吧 deal with internet addiction 处理网瘾
word power important words 1.      meanvt. 意欲，计划 want or plan to do sth. i meant this photo for her. we had meant to be early. i mean you to spend this money for yourself. vt. （指字句等）意指，意谓 (of words, sentences, etc.) signify, import a dictionary tells you what words mean. this word means nothing. adj. 吝啬的，自私的 wanting to keep everything for yourself she is mean and never invites people to meals. adj. 卑鄙的 of low character, aims, etc. it is a mean motive.grammar linking verbs - sorts 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 he is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand he always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。this matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look he looks tired.  他看起来很累。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051he seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste this kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。this flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. he became mad after that.  自那之后，他疯了。she grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意 the rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。the search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。his plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）notes 1.连系动词除be外通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。例如: -do you like the material? -yes, it feels very soft. 2. 一般情况下，连系动词后主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如: be careful when you cross this very busy street. if not， you may get run over by a car. 3. 有些连系动词能跟名词作表语:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等。注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时，不加冠词。例如: the population growth in china remains a problem. his wish is to become a scientist. he has turned thief. （注意 turn 后跟的名词一般要省去冠词。 ） he went a child but returned a worker. 4．连系动词后也可跟介词短语: the article is about using the internet to help people of all ages. 5. 连系动词后也可跟不定式(to do / to be)，常见的有: appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如: having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it. on the long journey, peter proved to be a most interesting guide. we all had a wonderful time. 6. 下面的句中 get，grow, become, go, turn 与其后面的词是固定的搭配，不能换用。如： she must have gotten lost. 她一定迷路了。 i must get ready to start. 我得准备出发。 truth never grows old. 真理永远不会过时。 they are becoming more awakened. 他们越来越觉醒了。 the car was going cheap. 汽车越来越便宜了。 he must have gone mad. 他一定是疯了。 i turned fifty on my last birthday. 我上次过生日已满五十岁。task language points other than table tennis, what sport do people not like to play? (p44) 除了乒乓球，还有什么运动人们不喜欢玩。 other than1) formal different from or except:
holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children.
the form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.
2) in a negative sentence, used to mean "except":
there"s nothing on tv tonight, other than rubbish.what sport do people prefer table tennis to? (p44) 比起乒乓球人们更喜欢什么运动？ prefer123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051verb [t] (-rr-)
to like, choose or want one thing rather than another:
do you prefer hot or cold weather?
i prefer red wine to white.
[+ ing form of verb] he prefers watching rugby to playing it.
[+ to infinitive] i"d prefer not to discuss this issue.
formal i"d prefer you not to smoke (= i would like it better if you did not smoke).project important words

1.      guide  

n．领路人，导游者，引导者，指南

  a guide book导游指南

  a guide led us around the city．向导带我们到市内各地去游玩。

  a guide to english grammar 《英语语法入门》

vt．指导，支配，管理，带领，操纵     vi．任向导

  he guided us through the narrow streets to the supermarket.他领着我们穿过小街到那超市。

  guide a person’s hand 牵某人的手。

  常用guide sb．in doing sth      guide sb to a place

  guidance n．指导，领导    guided adj．有导游的    guided tour有导游的游览

●试题回顾

谢谢你指导我学习。  thank you for guiding me in my study.

 

2.      step

v．走，举步，移步，踏   vi走，跨步     n．[c] 脚步，措施，梯级，台阶

   step into／out of sp. 走进／走出某地;   step outside 走到外面

   go two steps, please．跨两步。

   take steps to do sth. = take measures to do sth. = do sth. to do…采取措施做某事

   she took a few steps towards the window．她向窗口走了几步。

   they have made a big step in their business．他们在事业上迈进了一大步。

   sorry! did i step on your toes?对不起!我是不是踩到你的脚了?

   词组：in(out of) step步调(不)一致  step forward向前走

         stepmother n．继母        step by step一步一步地，逐渐地

3.      aid

n．[u]帮助，援助；[c]帮助者，有帮助的事物

he came to my aid．他来帮助我。     first aid   急救

with the aid of借着…… 的帮助    in aid of sb/sth  以支援或帮助某人/事物   come to sb’s aid  前来（去）援助某人

give sb a financial aid以财物支援某人     teaching aids教具

vt．资助，援助，帮助(比help正式) 

aid sb in／with…       aid sb．to do sth．

      he aided me in business／with money．他在事业上／金钱上帮助我。

●试题回顾

    _________of the _________stick，the injured went on his way． 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

    a．with the aid；walking                   b．under aid of；walking

    c．with the help；walk                     d．under the help；walking

4.      direct  adj. 直的，直接的，直系的，直率的   adv．直接地

    a direct result直接后果        the direct rays of the sun太阳的直射光线

    we flew direct from london to new york．我们直接从伦敦飞到纽约。

    vt. , vi．指示方向，指路，指导，指挥

    i directed the traveler to the hotel．我告诉了这个旅行者去旅馆的路。

    direction n．[c]命令，指示；方位；(常用复数)指导，说明

    词组：in all directions = in every direction 向四面八方

          in the direction of…  向……方向

          under sb’s direction 在……的指导下      from…direction从……方向

    director  n．指导者；局长；董事

    he is one of the directors of the company．他是这个公司的董事之一。

●     完成句子

1)he received inquiries about the matter  from  all directions．

2)we did the work  under  his direction．

5.      link n. 关系，联系

there may be a link between the two murders.   这两起谋杀案之间可能有联系。

   have（commercial, cultural) links with…     和……有（商业，文化）往来，联系

v.  link a with/ and b   link sth ( up)   将……连接或联系起来

    be linked with   和……相连接或联系

6.      differently adv．不同地    

difference n. [c，u] 不同，差别，差异

young people must be taught to learn the difference between good and evil．

必须教导年轻人学会区分善与恶。

tell the difference between a and b    说出a和b之间的区别

there is a little／no／great difference between a and b.

a和b之间有些／没有／有很大区别。

make a, no,some… difference (to sb/ sth) 

(对某人/ 某物)有、没有、有些……影响，起重要作用       

make no difference没关系             make a difference between区别对待123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

different adj．不同的

be different from和……不同           be different in在……方面不同

   a is not／a little／quite different from b  a与b没有／有些／完全不同

●试题回顾   （汉译英）

1)你选哪一个事关重大。 which one you will choose makes great difference.

2)都市生活和乡村生活是非常不同的。

the life in the cities is quite different from that in the country.

8.      require

  (1) vt. 需要

     require sb/ sth          require sb to do sth

     sth require doing= sth require to be done

     require that sb ( should) do sth

  (2) vt. 要求    

require sth of sb     例：what do you require of me?

     require sb to do sth

     it’s required that sb (should) do sth.  例：it’s required that you arrive at 8 a.m.

9.      patient adj．有耐心的，能容忍的[(+with)]   反义词：impatient

n． 病人；患者

he’s a very patient man．他是个很有耐心的人。

the doctor is very patient with his patients．那位医师对病人十分耐心。

词组：be patient with sb/sth  容忍某人/某物

be impatient with sb/ at sth 对……不耐烦，无耐心

be impatient for sth/ to do sth 急切地        be impatient of不能忍受

patience  n．耐心；容忍

●试题回顾   汉译英

这位教师对学习差的学生很有耐心。

 the teacher is patient with the students who are weak in their studies.

10.   divide vt．vi．(常与in，into连用)分开；划分，(数学上的)除。

   be divided into分成   (两份时用be divided into halves 或be divided in half)

divide up分配   divide among/ between 在……之间分配

be divided by 被……除

   15 divided by 3 is 5．  3除15等于5。

●试题回顾

班级被分成6个小组。 the class is divided into six groups.

11.   equal

   adj．(无比较级，反义词：unequal)相等的，均等的; 胜任的，合适的，不相上下的

equal pay for equal work同工同酬      be equal to sth / doing sth 等于; 能胜任

twice three is equal to six．二三得六。

   vt. equal sb/ sth (in sth) 与某人/ 某物相等或相同

12.   consideration，n．考虑，思考

   give a problem careful consideration仔细考虑问题

   john never showed any consideration for anyone．约翰从来不关心别人。

   under consideration在考虑中   in consideration of考虑到，体谅123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

   they didn’t give him heavy work in consideration of his youth．

考虑到他年轻, 他们没给他繁重的工作。

   take…into consideration考虑到，顾及到

consider doing sth．考虑要做某事  consider n. as/ to be   

consider sb to have done sth 认为某人做过某事    consider that-clause

   ●试题回顾   汉译英    ；

   1)我们正考虑赴加拿大。

     we  are   considering   leaving   for  canada．

2我认为他是一个出色的音乐家。

i  consider   him    to   be  /   as   a good musician．

13.   basis n．[c]基础，根据

his theory has a solid basis in fact．他的理论有确实的事实为基础。

what"s the base of／for your idea? 你这个想法的根据是什么?

establish／lay the basis of／for  建立……的基础

on the basis of the facts, we can reach the following conclusion．

根据这些事实，我们可以导出如下结论。另外，两词的复数形式都为bases。

base  n.基地，根据地[c]    an air base空军基地

v.  base…on／upon…  以……为基础

辨析：base与basis两者都表示“基础”之意。但base指具体的物品、物的底座、基地；而basis指抽象的(比喻)基础、根据。如：the base of a building建筑物的基础，the economic basis经济基础

on the basis of…以……为基础

14.   bottom    n．底，底部，尽头，末端

    the bottom of the glass is wet．玻璃杯的杯底是湿的。

    the ship sank to the bottom of the sea．那艘船沉到海底了。

    at the bottom of  在……的底部

15.   error n．[c／u]错误，过失，误差   you are in error．你错了。

    make (commit) an error出错误    spelling errors描写错误

    lead sb．into error/ fall into error 误人歧途    do sth．in error 误做某事

16.   consult v．（1）商量，商议  consult with sb．与……协商   

（2）请教，参考  consult sb/ sth about sth

     consult a doctor  看医生

    have you consulted your doctor about your illness?你找你的医生看过病情了吗?

    注意：表示“查……材料”consult后接“字典，书籍”等，而look up则接查询“字、词及相应的直接对象”。 look up the word in the dictionary 在字典里查词，   consult a dictionary查字典

17.   cheat 

n．欺骗，骗子      

v．欺骗，骗取     cheat at sth   123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

cheat sb．into…／out of… 欺骗某人做／不做…… 

●试题回顾    完成句子

1)the salesman cheated her   into   buying a fake．／  at   her money．

2)the boy cheated  in  the exam and was caught cheating．

18.   attach v.

  (1) attach sth to sth  将某物系在或附在另一物上

  (2) attach oneself to sb   依附，缠着某人

  (3) attach sb to sb/ sth   使隶属于

     you will be attached to this department.  你将隶属于这个部门。

  (4) attach to sb 与某人相关联，归于某人

  (5) be attached to sb/ sth 依恋、爱慕、留恋……19.   obtain v. [t] formal
to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it or producing it from something else:
first editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain.
in the second experiment they obtained a very clear result.
sugar is obtained by crushing and processing sugar cane.v. [i not continuous] formal to exist:
conditions of extreme poverty now obtain in many parts of the country.phrases 1. keep… in mind  记住，牢记                             2. sit down at a computer terminal坐在电脑前 3. aid sb in/ with sth  在……上援助某人              4. search engine 搜索引擎 5. be based on the key 根据关键词                     6. type in   输入 7. subject directory  主题目录检索                     8. comb (through) sth  彻底搜寻……       9. be divided into…  被分成……                                  10. on the/a basis of…  以……为基础 11. up to date  最近，最新                                  12.take … into consideration 考虑      13. in consideration of 作为对……的回报     14. at the bottom of  在底部，下方 15. as a (general) rule  通常                                 16. corfirm the information 确认信息 17. be sure of/ about   对……确信，有把握          18. make a difference  有关系，有影响 19. belong to sb   属于某人                                        20. make decision about 对……作决定 21. follow the tips/ advice 采取建议 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051unit revision word list
1.acquire      取得、获得、学到 2.downtown 在市中心；闹市区 3.analysis      分析n. 4.sceptical    持怀疑态度的 5.statistics    统计数据 6.popularity  人气、受欢迎程度 7.drawback   缺点、障碍 8.accurate    精确的 9.troublesome     令人烦恼的 10.occur 发生、出现 11.diploma    毕业证书、文凭 12.handle      处理、对付 13.dynamic   有生气的,有活力的 14.evident    明显的、显然的 15.explicit     明确的、明晰的 16.relevant   相关的、有关的 17.controversial   有争议的 18.intelligent       聪明的、明智的 19.evaluate   评估、鉴定 20.specific    具体的、明确的

21.consult     咨询、查阅 22.qualification    资格；资格证书 23.outline     提纲、轮廓 24.attach      依附、贴上25.forecast   预报；预测n. 26.frequent  频繁的；经常的 27.dull    枯燥的；乏味的 28.applaud    鼓掌；喝彩 29.predict     预言、预料vt. 30.classify     将…分类 31.proofread 校对 32.confirm    证实 33.hyphen     连字符 34.quotation 引用；引文 35. background    背景 36. advantage      有利条件 37. moreover       而且 38. false 不正确的、虚假的 39. admire     钦佩、羡慕 40. patient    有耐心的
phrases
1.that is to say    也就是说，换言之 2.current affairs   时事 3.travel package  包价旅游 4.turn to       求助于；转向 5.all sorts of  各种各样的 6.up to date 最近的，最新的 7.be accustomed to…      习惯于… 8.worn out    疲惫的；精疲力竭的 9.be popular with       受…的欢迎 10.be happy with 对…感到满意 11.keep… in mind      记住，牢记 12.search engine 搜索引擎 13.subject directory   主题目录检索 14.be divided into… 被分成 15.take … into consideration 考虑到 16.on that basis   在此基础上 17.as a general state   一般情况下 18.search for 搜索、寻找 19.double quotation marks       双引号 20.key word  关键词123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

21.build social ties     建立社会关系 22.correct mistakes/errors      订正错误 23.weather forecast 天气预报 24.support one’s arguments    支持某人观点 25.heavy internet users 过度使用网络者 26.affect one’s private lives影响某人的私生活 27.pros and cons  正反两方面的意见 28. another aspect of       另一方面 29. be addicted to the internet     沉迷于网络 30. have no qualifications        没有资格 31.complete a diploma course        完成学业
32. be based on common interests  建立在共同的兴趣之上 33.have negative effects on     对…有负面影响 34.in bad/great need of/be badly in need of      急需 35. be eager/anxious/keen/desperate to do sth.      急切地想做某事 36. communicate with experts       与专家交流 37. feel disconnected to the real world        感觉脱离了真实世界 38. a waste of time     浪费时间 39.make a difference  很重要 40.such as     例如；比如

unit 4 public transport welcome to the unit language points drop offphr v      to begin to sleep 　she kept dropping off at her desk.　i must have dropped off to sleep .drop sb/sth⇔off to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another place 　i"ll drop you off on my way home.to fall to a lower level or amount 　the number of graduates going into teaching has dropped off sharply.reading
part a 1.in 1863 2.because it linked with other lines at almost every station, making the system more user-friendly. 3.he is the architect that designed many of the stations between 1918 and 1938. many of the stations are still in use today. part c1 1.      most railway tracks did not go into the london city centre, so buses were required. this increased traffic on the road. the underground system transported more people without increasing traffic on the road. 2.      the carriages did not have windows and were pulled by steam engines through narrow tunnels. 3.      he bought many of the different lines and set up the underground group. 4.      it has functioned as a bomb shelter, an aeroplane factory, anti-aircraft centre, meeting rooms for the government administration. 5.      more lines were added because more people traveled on the underground. 6.      it means that many of the lines are linked at many stations. therefore, it is very convenient for riders to go to different places in the city from any station.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
part c2 date                     event 1854              an underground railway was decided to be built 1863              the first tunnels were opened 1868              the next section of the underground system was opened 1884              the underground service was provided in the middle of the city 1933              a public organization was created 1918-1938      london transport was expanded after 1945     more people traveled on the underground and more lines were added 1977              the last line was added language points 1.      distant  (line5)   adj. far away   in the distant past/future: far away in the past or future:
distance  n. [c or u] the amount of space between two places:
he travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.  does she live within walking distance of her parents?2.      boundaryn. -- the edge (line5)  the mountain becomes the national ~ for both countries.  the fence serves as a ~ between the two buildings. the boundaries of knowledge3.      historicadj. -- having importance in or influence on history  (line 6) 11 november 1918 is a ~ day as it represents the end of world war i. can you tell me when the ~ meeting between the two great leaders was held? this building is of ~importance.historic / historical:historic and historical are differentiated in usage, though their senses overlap. historic refers to what is important in history:  the historic first voyage to outer space it is also used of what is famous or interesting because of its association with persons or events in history: a historic house historical refers to whatever existed in the past, whether regarded as important or not:  a historical character historical refers also to anything concerned with history or the study of the past:  a historical novelhistorical discoveriesthe differentiation between the words is not complete. they are often used interchangeably:123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051historic times or  historical times  4.      choke  (line8)n. [c] v. 窒息；堵塞；阻塞1). the child swallowed a pen and chocked to death.2). the roads to the coast were choked with traffic.3). at lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic.4). children can choke on peanuts.引申: chock back 忍住，抑制         chock up 因激动等说不出话来5.      link  (line21)   v. [t] to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas:1) the explosions are not thought to be linked in any way.•         link up: to form a connection, especially in order to work or operate together:2)the organization"s aim is to link up people from all over the country who are suffering from the disease.3)they linked up two areas by telephone.用法拓展:be connected with 与……相接，和……有联系 6.      place       (line 36) v. --to be in a state or situation     1) she placed a tape recorder in front of her on the table.2) his uncooperative attitude placed us in an embarrassing situation.3) this job places great demands on the workers, which can be quite stressful.7.      be responsible for (l39)be in charge of 1)the driver is responsible for the passengers’ safety.2) philip is the project manager. he is responsible for anything concerning the project.3) who is responsible for making the dinner reservation?8.      function as   (l42) serve as  1) my living room also functions as a study.2) the room functioned as a store room for keeping all our collection.3) the beautiful leaf functioned as a bookmark9.      honor  (l51)   a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty:a man of honorwe fought for the honor of our country.   n. [c] a reward, prize or title that publicly expresses admiration or respect:she received an honor for her services to the community.in honor of sb./ sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or sth.:a banquet in honor of the president10.  permit  (l57)   v. -tt-  [t] to allow sth.:the regulations do not permit much flexibility.[+do ing] the prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.[+ object + to infinitive] the security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password.12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505111.  beneathpreposition (formal)
in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth: they found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. ◆ the boat sank beneath the waves.
not good enough for sb: he considers such jobs beneath him.◆ they thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status). àunder
beneath adverb: her careful make-up hid the signs of age beneath. 12.  ordern. [u] 顺序 in order of: 以……的顺序
out of order：杂乱无序 the children lined up in order of age/height.
i can"t find the file i need because they"re all out of order (= they are no longer arranged in the correct way).
put the files in alphabetical order.13.  discountn. [c] a reduction in the usual price:折扣    they usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
they offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students.at a discount (a) at a reduced price 打折扣; 减价. (b) (fig 比喻) not highly valued; unfashionable 不受重视的; 不时兴的: concern for others seems to be at (something of) a discount today. 如今好像不兴关心别人了.word power language points 1.      rely on sb./sth. 1) 依靠，依赖
[+ ing form of verb] the success of this project relies on everyone making an effort.
[+ to infinitive] i"m relying on the garage to fix the car by tomorrow.
2) to trust someone or sth. or to expect them to behave in a particular way指望，期待
british weather can never be relied on - it"s always changing.
[+ ing form of verb] don"t rely on finding me here when you get back (= i might have gone).grammar participles 分词分为现在分词和过去分词，具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、补足语、表语或状语。其否定形式是直接在前面加not。分词的基本情况如下表所示： 类别主动语态被动语态时间意义语态意义现在 分词一般式 doingbeing done与谓语动词同时 或几乎同时发生根据语态形式， 主动或被动意义完成式having donehaving been done发生在谓语动词之前根据语态形式， 主动或被动意义过去分词done无表示动作完成被动意义i. 分词的构成  分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为v+ing, 过去分词构成为v+ed。分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。 ii. 现在分词和过去分词的区别1. 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。   developing countries 发展中国家   the developed countries 发达国家   boiling water  沸腾的水   boiled water   开水 2. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。   the oppressing class  压迫阶级   the oppressed class   被压迫阶级   burning fire  燃烧的火焰   burned skin  烧伤的皮肤 iii. 分词的时态与语态1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950511. 一般式（主动、被动） 分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要作定语、状语或宾补。 when i entered the room, i found him reading. 当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。i found the flowers watered.  我发现花已浇过了。the building being repaired is a hospital.  正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。he found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns.  敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。2. 完成式（主动、被动） 分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。 not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up? 给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？3. 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别 过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。 the building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。the building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。4. 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别 延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。 walking in the street the other day (=while i was walking in the street the other day), i came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。arriving at the airport (=when i arrived at the airport), i found my light had taken off.到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。iv. 分词的独立结构分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。 studying in the college (=when i studied in the college), i learned a lot from my teachers.在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。 但是,分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。 his mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。（条件）he rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.  他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）they traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。（伴随）注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是being, having been done形式时，没有实际意义的being或having been可以省略。 the old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051the report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。the experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。 as adjectives:  v-ing形式作定语 1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing     发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary  看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody   困扰人的问题2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 the bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去they lived in a house facing south.    他们住在一所朝南的房子里。3.  某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。 ① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。【误】the professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】the professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. ② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。【误】the temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】the temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.  v-ed形式作定语 1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 a watched pot never boils.   心急锅不开。all the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。  when we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.　我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。提　示  如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。 　money spent is more than money earned.  入不敷出。 2. 带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 we have read many novels written by this author.  (= that are written by this author)   我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. (= who had been invited to the reception) 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。the meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. (= which was attended by one thousand students)这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。a woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge. (= who was dressed like a lawyer)一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别 1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。the group called green hand is trying to help the environment.the group calling itself green hand is trying to help the environment.2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。the rising sun 正在升起的太阳         the risen sun 升起了的太阳          boiling water 正沸腾的水                 boiled water 开水                  falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子          fallen leaves 落叶                  changing condition 变化着的情况    changed condition 改变了的情况    developing countries 发展中国家    developed countries 发达国家      不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped                   逃犯a retired worker = a worker who has retired                            退休工人a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived       新来的客人as adverbs v-ing形式作状语 动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 　　having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.(= after we have made full preparations...)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。  being ill, he didn"t go to school yesterday.  (= since he was ill...)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 　　his father died, leaving him a lot of money.   (= and left him a lot of money.)4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =if you work hard at your lessons...5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 　　123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= although they knew all this...6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 　　he lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= ...and stared at the sky for a long time v-ed形式作状语 动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。 1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. (= when the city is seen from the tower...)  completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.(= after he was completely examined...)有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。once recovered, he went all out to do his work.一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。when asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。2 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn"t help crying. (= since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.  (= as it was written in haste ...)excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (= because we were excited by...)3 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。heated, water changes into steam.　  (= if water is heated...)given more time, he would be able to do better. (= if he was given more time ...)compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.　(= if she was compared with other professors...)4 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.(= although they were exhausted by the running ...)laughed at by many people, he continued his research. (= even if he was laughed by ...)为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。even if invited, i won"t go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 5 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。the teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded …) 　he went into the office, followed by some children. 　(= and he was followed by some children) language points 1.      head 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051   v.  to go in a particular direction 走向，往某地出发
1）i was heading out of the room when she called me back.
2）he headed straight for (= went towards) the fridge.
3）i think we ought to head back/home (= return to where we started) now, before it gets too dark.2.      they have done so in the hope that people will take notice of the problems caused by poisonous smoke and gas from cars. 1). in the hope of :怀着……希望 i haven’t phoned you till four o"clock in the hope that you"d be finished.2). take notice (of): 注意
to give attention to something:
i asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn"t take any notice.
don"t take any notice of/take no notice of what your mother says — she"s just in a bad mood.3.      it was an a+, which was beyond my modest expectations. beyond    prep., adv.
 1).  outside or after (a stated limit):
(1)few people live beyond the age of a hundred.
(2)we cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year.
(3)his thoughtlessness is beyond belief (= is so great that it is impossible to believe)2). if sth. is beyond you, you are unable to understand it:
i"m afraid physics is completely beyond me.task language points 1.      the storms washed away soil along the road and part of the road is still under repair. (p59)wash sth. awayif water or rain washes sth. away, it removes it or carries it away:
the blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight.under repair being repaired the house is under repair now, so we have to rent one to live in for a while.相关：under discussion     在讨论中      under consideration  在考虑中      under construction   在建设中2.      remindv. [t] to make someone aware of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten:
 [+ to infinitive] please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that)] i rang jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled.remind you of sth./sb. to be similar to, and make you think of, sth. or someone else:使人想起……
your hair and eyes remind me of your mother.project language points 1.      the number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased greatly over the past year. (p62) arisev. [i] (arose, arisen) to happen:
should the opportunity arise, i"d love to go to china.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
could you work on saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary)?
are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting?2.      this notice is aimed at increasing people’s awareness of the problem because it has become quite extreme. (p62)aim at sth.  to plan, hope / intend to achieve sth.:
the talks are aiming at a compromise.[+ doing ] the government"s campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion.aware adj.     knowing that sth. exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing: [+ that] i wasn"t even aware that he was ill.
she was well (= very) aware that he was married .were you aware of the risks at the time?i suddenly became aware of (= started to notice) him looking at me. "has claude paid the phone bill?" "not as far as i"m aware." (= i don"t think so)
awarenessn. [u]
public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously.
environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past decade.3.      we must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them. (p 62)potential adj.    possible when the necessary conditions exist:
1) a number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
2) many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
3) the accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in north sea oil production4.      many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or overtake other cars. (p62)aggressive adj. 1) behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person:
men tend to be more aggressive than women.
if i criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting.2) determined to win or succeed and using forceful action to achieve victory or success:
an aggressive election campaign
aggressive marketing tacticsovertake v. (overtook, overtaken) vt. to go beyond sth. by being a greater amount or degree:
our us sales have now overtaken our sales in europe.
we"d planned to hold a meeting tomorrow, but events have overtaken us (= things have changed).2) vt./vi.  to come from behind another vehicle or a person and move in front of it:
always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car).5.      recently the number of people fined for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has increased by 30 percent. (p62)fine n.c. an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law:123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
the maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 fine.
if found guilty, he faces six months in jail and aheavy (= severe) fine. vt.  drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily.
[+ two objects] they fined him $100 for using threatening behavior.6.      if you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks, you are violating the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others. (p62)consume vt. 1) to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts:
our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world"s oil.2) formal to eat or drink, especially a lot of sth.:
he consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal.

7.      violate vt. to break or act against sth., especially a law, agreement, principle or sth. that should be treated with respect:
they were charged with violating federal law.8.      riskvt.1) to do sth. although there is a chance of a bad result:
  ---"it"s dangerous to cross here."   ---"i"ll just have to risk it."
[+ doing] he risked losing his house when his company    went bankrupt.
2) if you risk sth. important, you cause it to be in     a dangerous situation where you might lose it:
he risked life and limb to get the cat down from  the tree.
she was prepared to risk everything on a last throw of the dice.unit revision word list
1.underground/subway 2.distant 3.transport 4.carriage 5.comparatively 6.narrow 7.district 8.advanced 9.inconvenient 10.minister 地铁 遥远的 运输，运送 车厢，四轮马车 比较而言地，相对地 窄的，狭窄的 地区，行政区 高级的，先进的 不方便的 部长，大臣 11.effectively 12.horrible 13.damp/wet 14.gas 15.official 16.increase 17.coast 18.modest 19.airline 20.timetable 有效地 可怕的，恐怖的 潮湿的 汽油，天然气，气体 官员 增加 海岸，海滨 谦虚的 航线 时间表

21.port/harbour 22.cause 23.pedestrian 24.lorry 25.impatient 26.bicycle 27.pavement 28.tyre 29.invitation 30.fine 港口 起因，事业，原因 行人，步行者 卡车 不耐烦的 自行车 人行道 轮胎 诱因，请帖 罚款 31.assumption 32.irresponsible 33.overtake 34.overload 35.flyover 36.reliable 37.punctual 38.assignment 39.release 假定，意想 不负责任的 超过，赶上 使超载 立交桥，高架公路 可靠的，可信赖的 准时的，准点的 分派的任务，布置的作业 释放排放，发行发表 周年纪念日
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40.anniversary 41.annoy 42.undertake 43.album 44.acquisition 45.distinction 46.vehicle 47.beneath 48.shuttle 49.boundary 50.departure 使生气 承担，着手做 相册，集邮册 取得，获得，学到 区别，声誉，名声 车辆，交通工具 在…下 梭子，航天飞机 边界，分界线 离开，启程123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

51.aggressive 52.alcoholic 53.orderly 54.dismiss 55.adminstration 56.sacrifice 好斗的，侵略性的，咄咄逼人的 酒精的，含酒精的 秩序井然的，有条理的 解散、打发 行政部门、管理 牺牲、奉献
phrases
1.choke off 2.steam engine 3.in the middle of 4.go sightseeing 5.at a discount 6.in the hope that 7.take no notice of 8.make better use of 9.make up for 10.news flash 11.speed up 12.wash away 13.under repair 14.by ferry 15.in addition to 16.arise from 17.be aimed at 18.traffic jam 19.a couple of 20.pick up and drop off people 21.have the distinction of 22.the problem with traffic 23.the increased number of vehicles 24.the center of london 25.link up 26.a wealthy american businessman 27.be responsible for 28.be in use 29.increase people’s awareness of the problem 30.travel on the  underground 31.during world war ii 32.accelerate the pace of 33.beneath the surface of the ground 34.in honour of 35. toll road 36.student ticket 37.customs officer 阻塞 蒸汽机 在…的中间 观光，游览 打折 希望 没注意到 更好地利用 弥补，补偿 简明，新闻快讯 加速 冲掉，冲垮 正在修理中 乘轮渡 除…之外，包括 由…引起，起源于 目的是，旨在 交通拥堵，塞车 两三个 上下客 有…的声誉 交通问题 不断增加了车辆 伦敦市中心 连接起来 一位富裕的美国商人 对…负责 在使用中 提高人们对问题的认识 乘地铁旅游 在二战期间 加快…的步伐 紧贴地表以下 为了纪念 收费公路 学生月票 海关官员
38. cause damage to 39.comparatively narrow  tunnels 40.beyond one’s modest  expectations 41.at (during) peak travel seasons 42.a public notice 43.prime minister 44.a closed station 45.an anti-aircraft center 46.function as 47.under the authority of 48.circle line 49.bomb shelter 50.may day holiday 51.traffic accidents 52.pay attention to surrounding traffic 53.keep /be in good condition 54. take the advantage of 55.public transport 56.do one’s part 57.run into a pedestrian 58.violate the traffic accidents 59.make dumplings 产生破坏 相对狭窄的隧道 超乎某人保守估计 在旅游旺季 公告 首相，总理 一个已关闭的地铁站 一个反空袭中心 起到…作用 在…控制之下 环线 防空洞 五一节 交通事故 注意周围的车辆 状态良好 利用 公共交通 贡献一份力量 撞到一个行人 违反交通规则 包饺子
1. drop off 让…下车   （数量）减低，逐渐消失    2. choke off阻；阻止        3. line up连接；会合                        4. function…as用作            5. accelerate the pace of 加快…的步伐         6. go sightseeing 去观光  7. permit /allow sb. to do允许某人做某事       8. at a discount打折         9. rely on依赖，依靠                                            10. end with以…结束 11. in the hope of / in hops of 怀着…的希望；  with the purpose of 带着…目的； for the purpose of 为了…目的 with the intention of doing 12. take notice of注意到= take note of   take notes of做笔记    take no notice of 不注意；不理踩 = ignore; pass by 13. make better use of = make the best of = make the most of 更好地利用   make use of利用 == take advantage of 14. make up for 补尝；弥补  (recover sth.   recover from) 15. news flash简明新闻     16. wash away冲掉（走） 17. under repair在修理中 ~ discussion在讨论中 ~ examination在考试中    ~ review 在复习中  ~ study在研究中 ~ consideration在考虑中    ~ construction在兴建中 ~ investigation在调查中  ~ control在控制中 18. by ferry渡船 by boat / by ship / by sea / by bike (plane; train; car; bus) 19. in addition to除…之外 = apart from ; other than; except (for) 20. arise from 由……引起 = result from; as a result of 21. be aimed at目的是  be meant to do  aim at sth.瞄准  aim at doing sth.目的是/力争达到    aim to be 立志成为 22. traffic jam 交通堵塞；塞车               23. a couple of 两个；两三个   24. may day五一                                   25. cause damage to 使……受到损害 26. accelerate the pack of 加快                           27. in use 使用中 28. be powered by 由…提供能量.                 29. the increased number of 急速增加的…数量 30. lead to 导致   31. it is decided that 决定  32. beneath the surface 在地面下. 33. pull through 摆脱,度过难关.         34. under the authority of 在…的管理下. 35. in honor of  为记念….                            36. why not….? 为何不…. 37. travel cards 乘车卡.                                 38. bomb shelters 防空避难所123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051
practice 1.  distinction: c.n.& u.n. (1) difference区别; (2)honour, reputation荣誉，名声 with distinction优秀地 the distinctions of birth or rank matter a lot even in contemporary society. he passed the exam _______ _______ -- he scored 99 marks! the london underground, or as it is commonly known, the tube, enjoys the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.   (metro / subway)   distinct: adj. (1)clearly differently from…明显区别于  (2)very likely, probable 很可能 (3)notable, prominent卓越的；不寻常的  (4)clearly defined; unquestionable确定无误的；确切的 a distinct occasion / flavor;   a distinct honor and high privilege显赫的名声和崇高的殊荣               there is a distinct possibility that she won"t come.    distinguish…(from / between…) vt.区分，辨别               can you distinguish the different musical instruments playing now? every one of us should learn how to distinguish between right and wrong. 2. it’s a _______ sense to call 119 when there is fire.  (general,  ordinary,  common,  usual) 3. distant adj.  do you know the distance between beijing and shanghai?  who’s the man in the distance? 4. boundary = border5. historical=belonging to history历史的;  historic=notable or memorable in history历史上著名的;  historian   the rebuilding of the city will do great damage to the __________ buildings.   it’s really troublesome to handle some of the __________ problems left by our fathers. 6. transport n. & vt. (trans-通过＋port港口)   transportation n.   airport;  import n. & vt.;  export n. & vt.;  imported / exported goods  (port,  harbor,  the pearl harbor) 7. chock off = block    the increased vehicles on the road chocked off traffic. 8. beneath: (1) under / below;  (2)not worthy of…不值得           his accusations are beneath notice.   it’s beneath you to complain about it. 9. _______(compare) with / to other women, she is *lucky.  the youths are usually compared ______ the rising sun.  no one can compare _______ shakespeare as a writer of tragedies.  this tunnel is __________ / ___________ (相对)narrow.     the red one costs more in comparison (with the green one).  the view of the little hill is beyond / without / past _________. 这小山的景色无与伦比。 10. link up = unite    several related companies linked up and formed a giant group.  be linked to… 11. district行政区,  area通用词,  region自然区域,  zone有明显特征和划分的区域   section部分,断片,节, 项123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051a postal ________;   the forest ________;   the wild _________;    the flooded _________;   a residential (居住的)_________;    the smokeless __________;   the war /danger__________; the torrid / temperate / frigid (热 / 温 / 寒)_________ 12. the new policy will surely accelerate the ______ (pace / step) of the economic development of our country.    keep pace with跟上，与…同 are wages keeping pace with inflation?工资的提高能否与通货膨胀同步？   the snake was just lying a few steps / paces ahead of me.13. convenient -- convenience;   inconvenient   come to have a chat when you are convenient. (改错) = come to have a chat at your convenience.   we made such an arrangement just for your convenience.14. separate … from…;   divide … into…;     i need a separate room.  they parted at the station and went on their own ways separately.15. acquire vt. -- acquisition n.(1)获得；(2)获得物   these doctors are the valuable ___________(难得人才) to our hospital.  this book is the latest a__________ to our library.16. have the authority for sth. / to do…;   (be) under the authority of…   you don"t have any authority for entering this house. it"s private.   who gave you the authority to do that?   the authority claimed that all the people attending the meeting will be arrested.  no one dares to challenge his authority.   the agency is under the authority of education ministry.17. expand v. -- expansion n.  there was much expansion of london underground as new connections werebuilt between train lines and new stations were built.                          too rapid ________may not necessarily a good thing for our development.18. architecture 建筑, 建筑学n.-- architect 建筑师n. -- architectural adj. 建筑上的, 建筑学的19. the function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun.the old machine won"t function properly if you don"t oil it regularly.function as = serve as / work as用作，充当during world war ii, when london was bombed, many underground stations functioned as bomb shelters.20. anti-aircraft;    anti-virus;   anti-japanese;   antibiotics21. ministry(政府的)部门;   minister部长，大臣(prime minister首相);   premier总理 (premier zhou) 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051the ministry of national defense;  ministry of education;  ministry of finance财政部;  ministry of commerce商业部;  ministry of communications交通部;  ministry of foreign affairs外交部;  ministry of personnel人事部22. administrate vt., vi.管理;  administration n.管理, 经营, 行政部门23. user-friendly;  environmentally friendly;  wildlife-friendly24. permit sb. to do…= allow sb. to do…;  *permit / allow doing…;  allow for…(考虑到…) ask / give / refuse  permission (请求/给予/拒绝 许可)     ( permit n. 执照 )if my health permits / my health _______, i will go on to cope with it together with you.we don’t permit _______ (smoke) here. = no one is allowed / permit ________ (smoke) here.( attention: permit 较allow语气更强， permit--允许+鼓励;     allow--默许/不反对 )25. go sightseeing           26. horrible adj.;  horrify sb. vt.;    horror n.27. *3 score / dozen;  scores of / dozens of;  score a good mark;   fortnight;    decade;    century;    quarter;  28. discount n.& vt.: discount sth.(1)打折 (2)低估，忽视； at a discount;  a discounted ticket;  discount card   they bargained with the seller a long time and finally got the skirt _____ _____ ______.   the police _______ the possibility that this was a theft because nothing expensive had been taken away.   you should _______ a great deal of what appears on line.29. release: (1) 释放 release a prisoner;  release sewage into a river;  (2)免除/ 解除(债务,义务或痛苦) release one’s debts / right / suffering(3) 发行（书刊、影片）release a film / book(4)n. 轻松，放松 after the exam, we had a feeling of release.30. in the hope that / of…;  with the hope / purpose of…31. take (no) notice of…  when i came in, he just took no notice of me.32. he cycles to school every day. = he goes to school by cycling everyday.   some drivers drive so fast, putting the cyclists and pedestrians in danger / risk their own lives as well as others’.33. make ( good / better / full ) use of…;   make the best / most of…;   take advantage of…34. aim a gun at…;      be aimed at sth. /doing…目的在于…；旨在…  aim to do…  aim for…  work hard and aim high!  they all aimed for the jobs in big cities.  the plan is aimed at eliminating poverty. most of us work hard at school aiming to enter a good university / aiming to be admitted by a good university. 35. confuse…with…把…和…混淆；don’t confuse “sign” with “sigh”.  her confusing reply got me confused.  you need to think it over and try to clarify the confusion of ideas. 36. tiring;  tired;  be tired of…;      trying;      boring;  bored;      dull12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505137. annoy sb.(使愠怒) – annoyed – annoying,  to one’s annoyance;   irritate sb.(激怒) – irritated – irritating38. undertake: (1) 承担, 担任 (2)许诺, 保证 (3)着手做… undertake to do…;  undertaking n.事业，企业    undertake a job / post;  i can’t undertake that you will surely get a profit in doing so.39. sacrifice n. & v.  make sacrifices to do…;  sacrifice one’s life (1)to sth / (2)to do…   a lamb was offered in sacrifice.  his parents made sacrifices to pay for his education.  he sacrificed his life to save the drowning boy.  she sacrificed all her pleasure and pastimes to her husband’s interests and welfare.40. assign … to sb.分配/派;  assign sb. to do…分配/安排  what are today"s assignment?今天的作业是什么?the monitor ____ ____ ____ take notes for the meeting.  the teacher _____ the hardest work ______ us.41. beyond one’s ability;  beyond imagination /expectation/hope;  beyond doubt;  beyond debate…42. we should work much harder to _____ _____ ______ the lost time and opportunities.43. due to the rain, the meeting was put off (= d_________ / p_________ ) ________ next monday. 44. seaside海边(广义);  coast海岸(线);  beach海滩,沙滩;  shore(河，湖，海)水陆相连的地方   we are going to the ______ to spend the holiday.  it’s very comfortable to lie down on the _____ bathing in the sun.  there are many coral reefs (珊瑚礁) *______ the east _______ of australia.  the ______ around the lake is really a paradise for a diverse variety of water birds.45. airline航线airlines航空公司flight航班;   (fly – flew – flown – flight n.)46. a bolt of lightning flashed across the horizon.  an evil idea flashed into his mind.  the cars flashed past / by like a gust of wind.  i’ll be ready in a flash.  a piece of news was flashed on the screen.  news flash47. let’s ______ ______ (加速)for there is little time left.  would you please ______ ______(减速)? i want to get off here.  the taxi driver ______ ______ (加速)speed suddenly and overtook the police car in a flash.  if you go on driving _____ such a ______ (以如此快的速度)speed, i’ll never ride in your car any longer.  ______ our speed may be now(速度是多少), you guess? 48. depart:  (1)= leave (尤其用于交通工具运行)    time of departure / arrival (2)违背 depart from routine / customs (3)去世 depart (from) this life     the departed 死去的人 49. if the forest is ______ ______(砍光), there will be nothing to put the soil ______ _______(保持) and the fertile soil will be ______ ______ (冲走)by rain. 50. repair / mend / fix / patch大多数情况下可通用。 (1)fix是非正式用语；   (2)复杂的和大规模的修理多用repair;    (3)patch打补丁 (4)mend表示对破物或衣服进行修理或修补，也可以表示治愈创伤，矫正过错或使破裂的感情重归于好123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051   do / make repairs to…;  beyond repair;  under repair ( under discussion / construction / control / way…)    in good / bad repair (= in good bad condition);    repair to …到...去(特指成群地去或经常去)    you must do something to _______ your reputation. the tap is leaking. we must _______ it.    … but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock _______.  he"s _______ nicely after his operation.  it’s of great necessity to reflect yourself and ______ your way of doing things.  it’s a ______ software and you don’t need to register online.  the watch is _____ _____. i recommend buying a new one.   although the old clock is over 100 years old, it is _____ rather ______ ______(状况良好).    my family _______ ________(常去) the restaurant to enjoy the delicious lobsters.  hawaii is always the ______ (经常光顾的地方)of tourists all over the world.  they are working overtime _____ _____ _____(修理) the computer. 51. by air / water / sea / car / bus / bike / train / rail / ferry;  on foot;  in a / the / one’s car;  on one’s bike    i went to school _____ my father’s car yesterday.  he ______ a taxi to the hospital just now.    we decide to go there ______ _______ (步行). = we decide to _______ there.  the president is to ______ ______ (飞往)london tomorrow. = the president is to leave for london ______ ______.  mary usually goes to work _____ her bike.  they planed to visit dalian _______ _______(坐轮渡). 52. peak / summit 山顶，顶峰 (1)peak  通常指最高点 (2)summit 指可达到的最高水平； 注意习惯搭配： at the peak of the writer"s career;  a peak in current.电流的峰值;   sales tend to peak just before the holidays.节日前销售量趋于最高潮;   working at peak efficiency.最大效率的运转;  a summit conference53. she is always p________, but her friend is always late.   he is a r_________ friend to depend on. 54.   arise: vi.(1) 出现; 发生 arise from / out of= result from;   (2) 起来; 站起    arise -- arouse ---risenarouse: vt. 唤醒, 唤起  arouse – aroused – arousedmr. black’s humorous and lively instruction _______ students’ great interest.  the odd sight of the animal  _______ our curiosity.  i ______ early every morning.  the failure ______ ______ your carelessness.  the problem didn’t _______ as expected.  the tsunami ______ ______ ______ an strong earthquake. 55. extremely n.;  extreme adj. & n.;   go to extreme12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505156. cause--必然的，直接的“根源”;  reason – 逻辑或理解上的“理由” (有时可通用，有交集)    the heavy rain was the ______ of the flood.   what’s ______ for his odd behaviors?    numerous heroes and heroines sacrificed their lives for the ______ of peace and freedom. 57. when drivers do not pay attention to __________ traffic, they are not prepared when another driver does something wrong, like changing lanes without signalling or giving wrong signals.    it’s a peaceful village ________ by green trees and beautiful flowers.  human activities are closely affecting their __________.  (surrounding,  surrounded,  surroundings)58. be patient / impatient with…;    patience / impatience n.       a couple of59. there is _______ traffic on the road so we are likely to be late. = the traffic on the road is very ________ . 60. aggressive: (1) 侵略性的； 攻击性的   (2) 有进取心的    an aggressive young executive一个进取心很强的年轻管理人员;  he is very aggressive他生性好斗。 61. overtake:   (1)赶上；超过     (2)（灾难）突然降临   (overtake -- overtook -- overtaken)    the car overtook the truck.     a storm overtook the children.孩子们遇到了暴风雨。 62. concentrate (…) on….;    concentration n. 专心；集中（注意力）; 含量（百分比）    this thesis will need all your concentration. 这篇论文需要全神贯注才能读懂。    what is the concentration of salt in sea water? 海水中盐的含量是多少？ 63. consume vt.  --  consumer n.  --  consumption n.   64. violate (= break) the law / rules 65. dismiss: (1) 解雇；开除  (2) 解散；遣散  (3) 不理会；自心中摒除  (4)〈法〉驳回    he was dismissed from his job.   the chairman dismissed the meeting.   you are dismissed.(下课)    a good few people dismiss the idea as sheer (纯粹的) nonsense.不少人认为这种想法是胡说八道。    his appeal was dismissed. 驳回他的上诉. 66. assume: (1)假定；假设, 以为  (2) 采用；承担 (=take on)  assumption假定；假设    i assume you always get up at the same time.  assume (= undertake / take on) a responsibility / new duties    assuming / supposing the house is for sale, would you buy it?     an assumed name 一个假名字    their assumption that their project under way was something entirely new proved (to be) untrue.    some cyclists make the assumption that (= take it for granted that ) traffic laws do not apply to (适用) them.  don’t rely on the information she provided. it’s pure a__________ on her part. 67. load … with …装载 the truck was loaded with goods.    overload: 使超载  download / upload carrying more than a light load on your bicycle or overloading it makes it unsteady and more difficult to control.  12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505168. he sent me a e-mail, ________ (invite) me to dinner.  *overloading is a / an __________(诱因) to accidents.    69. traffic lights are there to guide traffic in an o_______ way.    orderly,  friendly,  deadly,  lovely,  likely,  likely,  lonely,  motherly,  monthly,  weekly,  yearly70. take shelter in / under…寻求保护/庇护  it’s dangerous to take shelter under a big tree in a thunderstorm. 71. cover…with…(用…来覆盖…);  be covered by(被…覆盖—静态);  be covered with(长满了/ 铺满了…—动态)    over 70 per cent of the surface of the earth is covered _____ water.  mum covered her baby _____ a blanket.  the ground is covered _____ white snow.  the hill is covered _____ bushes and mosses. i’ve never seen such a hand covered _____ thick hair! 72. it is a __________(waste) effort __________(attempt) to persuade him to give in. 73. be powered by由…提供动力/支持the maglev train is powered by magnets. the website is powered by cctv. 74. do damage to…;    do harm to…;    do wrong to…;  do good to…75. in honour of…;    in memory of…;    in celebration of… 76. in use;  out of use   the old railway isn’t _____ ______. = it is _____ _____ _______. 77. i bought a ticket _____ ____ _____ and r______ the underground three times(买了一张折扣票，坐了3次地铁). 79. fax sb. / send a fax to sb.;  e-mail sb. / send an e-mail to sb. 80. have you ____ when to go there for sightseeing?  no, we haven’t ____ the exact date. (decide / decide on) 81. during p________ travel seasons the ferries are usually full of p________. sometimes the slow ferries are not very p__________ so they are not r_________. there is no g_________ that you can get the particular ferry you want. 在旅游高峰季节，渡船往往客满为患。有时，慢船不很准时，因而不可靠。无法保证你能上得一合适的船。82. traffic accidents cause many d________ and i________ every year, so learning how to protect yourself f______ danger on the roads is very important.   the police in our city have r________ a public notice e_________ the problem of traffic accidents and s________ ways that citizens can p_______ accidents.警方发布了一则公告，说明了当前交通事故的问题， 并向市民推荐了一些防范措施。83. -- when will we go there, monday or tuesday?  -- it’s _____ _____ you (to decide it). either will do to me.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051   what are you busy with / doing these days? = what are you ______ ______ these days?   the weather today has increased ______ ______(高达) 30℃.   ( up to: (1)____(2)____(3)_____ )84. i was late for the meeting this morning because i got a ______ tyre halfway.85. *he went up to the boy, and patted him on ______(his / the) should, _______(lead) him away.    he went up to the boy, patted _______(his / the) head and ________ (lead) him away.     the girl was lying on the grass, her hands _______(cross) under her head.    _______ _______ ________(沉浸在思考中), mrs. dai didn’t pay attention to what her husband complained.    _________(consider) everything, he did it quite well.  ________(assume) it is true, what should we do?86. be true of…对...适用, 符合于  it is ______ ______ everybody, so there is no exception.                              the film is boring and the same is ______ ______ its music.87. given more time, he’ll m______(成为) a first class tennis player.  she could not sit _______ the boring film.88. -- _______ _______ lily got so lazy and careless?  -- i have no idea, either. 89. -- alan!  -- what’s it this time? you’ve rung me three times today! (又有什么事？) 90. take sb. by surprise 使吃了一惊，吓了一跳 ;  make for / head for you should have called me in advance. you really took me by surprise. i was just making for the door when he suddenly seized by the neck from behind. 91. go into effect 生效;   in search of搜寻;  beyond the reach of...;   account for解释, 说明, 占, 是    the road traffic law ______ ______ ______ in may last year.  they are combing the forest ______ ______ ______ of the murderer.  do put the medicine ______ ______ ______ ______ children.  electrical equipment brings c__________ to our life, but it also ________ ________ one of the commonest and most dangerous causes of home accidents. 92. though insurance company may ______ ______ ______ (补偿) some of the losses financially when an accident happens, they cannot help when your dearly beloved relatives pass away. so you’d better be cautious. don’t _______ future happiness _______ one time convenience (为一时方便葬送了未来的幸福).123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

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