[unit4responsibility]Unit4Review

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unit 4 review
解析appear 和 appearance
我们在第一单元中碰到了appear这个单词，现就详细讲解一下这个单词及近义词的辨析。
appear不及物动词，表示“出现”。也是系动词，表示“似乎，显得”，同义词seem, look；反义词disappear。例：his head soon appeared out of the window. 不一会他从窗户里探出头来。
he appears quite well. 他似乎很健康。
appear的用法：
1．appear用作行为动词时，做“出现”解；作连词用，当“似乎”、“显得”讲，与seem同义。但appear与它的表语一起表达的意义往往与事实不相符合。
例：he appeared quite healthy .他似乎很健康。（但实际上不一定健康）
    he appears to be a fool.他似乎是个傻瓜。（但实际上不一定是个傻瓜）
2. appear to sb. + 从句，表示“在某人看来……”。
例：it appeared to me that he is quite well again.  我看他好像又健康了。
3．appear和seem用在否定句中，既可以否定谓语，也可以否定其后面的不定式：
例：he doesn’t appear ( seem ) to like you. / he appears ( seems ) not to like you.
他看上去不喜欢你。
辨析：appear, seem
appear 与 seem 都可以做“看起来”，“好象”解。appear强调外表上给人某种印象，有时含有实质上并非如此的意思。而seem则暗示判断有一定根据，这种判断往往接近事实。
例如：he appears ( to be ) quite old.  他显得很老。（是指他显得很老，但实际情况不一定如此。）
      he seems ( to be ) quite old. 他似乎很老。（可能他的确是很老。）
appearance 当表示“出现，显漏”时，常做不可数名词，反义词为disappearance；而表示“外貌，外观，外表”时，为可数名词，复数为appearances。
例：poisonous weeds must be uprooted as soon as they make their appearance.
毒草一出笼就必须铲除。
don’t judge by appearances. 不要根据外表来判断。
辨析：appearance, aspect, look
这三个词都可表示人或物的“外表，外貌”。
appearance 含义较广，无褒贬色彩，往往指全貌。用于人时，除指容貌外，还包括衣着打扮、身材高矮等。
例如：his wife is ordinary in her personal appearance. 他妻子相貌平凡。
aluminium gives the appearance of silver. 铝看上去象银。
aspect 指部分外貌。指人的外表、表情、神色时，可与look互换。
例如：the child became afraid of the angry aspect of the man. 那小孩看到那人的一脸怒相，非常害怕。
i love the bay in all its aspects, even its stormy, frightening aspect in winter.
我爱这海湾的一切，甚至冬天那波涛汹涌的吓人景象。
look 普通用语。指人暂时的面部表情或举止行为，特别用以强调人的外貌具体细节，如颜色、形状、表情、神态等。
例如：a look of dismay passed over his face.  他脸色变得沮丧。
charlette is endowed with good looks. 夏洛特天生丽质。
 
 
“恐惧”有何区别 – afraid, scare, anxious, fearful, frightened
这几个词都可以表示“害怕，恐慌”的意思，但也有区别。123
afraid 是常用词。单独使用时，不表示恐惧的程度。一般说来，它指个人体会到的害怕，与肉体伤害无关，仅是一种感觉，在口语中，常表示一种轻微的担心。
例如：i am afraid of bathing in the river, since the woman was drowned there.
我害怕在那河里游泳，因为那个女人是在那儿淹死的。
i’m afraid i am a bit late for my appointment.  恐怕我去赴约有点晚了。
scared, frightened 经常意味着遭受肉体伤害的恐惧， 但frightened更带文气。
例如：when the lights were out, i was scared. 灯熄了以后，我很害怕。
      she has always been frightened of the dark. 她一直害怕黑暗。
anxious 意味着紧张和焦虑，可能只是因为自己多虑的缘故。
例如：she was anxious about her daughter being out so late at night.
她对女儿夜深不归感到焦虑。
his ill health has been a very anxious business. 他身体不好使人十分担心。
fearful 指充满恐惧或担心。和anxious一样，也可能与外界状况没有多大关系，只是多虑，但在程度上比anxious更强。
例如：they are fearful of another business depression. 他们担心再次出现商业萧条。
      the actress was fearful that the opening night would be a failure. 女演员担心首场演出失败。
 
宾语从句一二三
初识：宾语从句
宾语从句是我们英语的重要语法之一，学好它对掌握直接引语和间接引语相当有益，对高中英语的名词性从句也有着潜移默化的作用。初学宾语从句掌握的几点：
一、定义。
在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。常见下列三种情况：
引导词 例          句 备注
连词that 1. i hear ( that ) he will be back in an hour.
2. he said ( that ) he missed us very much.
3. i know he has gone to the factory. that无词义常常可以省略。
特殊疑问词（where, what, when, which, who, whose ）  1. i don’t know where he lives.
2. i want to know when the meeting will begin.
3. do you know who she is?
4. i know what he means. 疑问词还有how, how long, how many等。
连词if或whether 1. the teacher asked if you had done your homework.
2. i want to know if you can come in time.
3. i want to know whether it will rain tomorrow. if常用于口语。
二、注意。
不管用什么引导词引导的宾语从句，宾语从句都应采用陈述句的语序，即：引导词+主语+谓语+宾语+其他成分。试看简单句和宾语从句的演变过程：
例如：
he got up so late this morning. （简单陈述句）
did he get up so late this morning? （一般疑问句）
why did he get up so late this morning? （特殊疑问句）
i don’t know why he got up so late this morning. （宾语从句）
 
再谈：宾语从句
由that引导的从句。
可跟that从句作宾语的动词很多，常用的有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, expect, explain, order, dream, suggest, demand, feel, hear, wonder, know, mean, intend, understand …123
例如：
the letter says that they are arriving on sunday. 信上说，他们将在星期天到达。
let’s suppose that one day this happens to you. 让我们假设，有一天这事发生在你身上。
注意：
1．经常在及物动词和宾语从句之间插一个间接宾语（人）。例如：he told me that she was wrong. 他告诉我说，她错了。
2．在动词think, believe, suppose, expect等后面的宾语从句中的否定词经常前移。例如：
i don’t think you are right. 我想你是不对的。
i don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，是吧？
we didn’t believe he had finished his work. 我们相信他还没做完他的工作。
3．许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例如：
we think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. 我们认为，他对每个人都说了慌是错的。
he thought it a pity that she missed the chance. 他认为，她失去这次机会很可惜。
 
温故而知新：宾语从句
时态的一致问题
一、主居与从句是否一致应视情况而定。 例如：
主   句 从    句
 
i think that
 
i will know that
 
i have heard that
  he often does it.
he is doing it.
he has done it.
he will do it.
he has been doing it.
he did it yesterday.
he had done it by that time.
…
二、主、从句一致。例如：
1. he said that he didn’t know me.  他说，他不认识我。
2. i didn’t know where she was going.  我不知道，她要去哪里。
3. i told him that i should go at once.  我告诉他，我得马上走。
4. she forgot what she had learned.  她忘了她所学的东西。
注意：
1．如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。例如：
at that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 当时人们还不知道，地球是在运动着。
试比较：
he said he gets up at six every morning.
  他说他每天早晨6点起床。（过去有此习惯，现在没变。）
he said he got up at six every morning.
  他说他每天早晨6点起床。（过去有此习惯，现在已改变。）
he told me last week that he is eighteen.
  他上周告诉我，他18岁。 （不变的事实）
he told me last week that he was sick.
  他上周告诉我，他病了。（当时的事实）
2．主句动词无论是什么时态，宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare是不变的。例如：
he thinks / thought that i need not tell you the truth.  他认为，我没有必要告诉你真相。
3．动词know后面的宾语从句，应注意时态的运用。试比较：
i didn’t know you are in london. (过去不知道,而现在知道)
i don’t know you are in london. (现在不知道)
i didn’t know you were in london. (过去不知道,当时在伦敦)
我不知道, 你在伦敦。
 
 
猜测might/may/must
问：这一月我学到很多关于might / may 的知识，以前我知道may 表示“可以”，而might是may的过去式，可是这学期他们的意思与用法似乎变了，不再是我以前的may/might了，为什么？能帮帮我更清楚地认识一下他们吗？
答：你真是一个善于观察的学生，好吧！看你这么爱学习，我不妨就给你讲讲他们的其他用法，注意看了：
 
 

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