【unit10advertising答案】Unit10Americanliterature(Grammar)

【jiaoan.jxxyjl.com--高三英语教案】

语法指南
step1复习各种时态
英语中不同时间发生的动作要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就是动词的时态，英语动词共有十六种时态，现将常用的几种归纳如下：
▲一般现在时
一般现在时可用来表示普遍真理或客观事实。如：
light goes faster than sound．光比声音传播速度快。
two plus three is five．二加三等于五。
the earth moves around the sun while the moon moves around the earth．
地球绕着太阳转而月亮绕着地球转。
▲经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态
america is growing older today．10 out of every 100 americans are over 65．
美国是一个人口正趋于老化的国家，每一百个美国人中就有十人年龄超过六十五岁。
tom gets up at 6:00 and goes to school at 7:30 every morning．
汤姆每天早上六点起床，七点半上学。
suzhou is a beautiful city．苏州是一座美丽的城市。
▲表示现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。
here comes mr wang．王先生来了。
what time is it now？现在几点？
now，look，i open the door．你瞧我现在开门。
▲表示计划、安排好的将来的动作。如：
i leave for shanghai next tuesday. 我下周二去上海。
his birthday falls on may 4．五月四日是他生日。
they attack at midnight．他们定于午夜发起进攻。
▲在时间、条件从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如：
if it rains tomorrow，we’ll have to stay at home．如果明天下雨，我们只得呆在家里。
i’ll ten him the news as soon as he comes hack．他一回来我就告诉他这个消息。
▲舞台动作说明、运动解说、剧情介绍等。如：
smith passes to tom，tom to jack，jack to simons，nice ball——and smith shoots．
史密斯传给汤姆，汤姆传给杰克，杰克传给西蒙，好球！——史密斯射门。
shylock advances toward antonio and prepares to use his knife．
夏洛克向安东尼奥走去，准备动刀了。
▲一般过去时
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如：
i used to go to school early．我过去总是很早去学校。
every morning i took a walk when i lived in the country．我住在乡间时，每天早上都去散步。
▲过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
where were you yesterday？昨天你在哪里？
i met alice in the street but we didn’t stop to talk．
我在街上遇到了艾丽丝，但我们没有停下来聊天。
did you enjoy the film？你喜欢那部电影吗？
▲在口语中，一般过去时可用来代替一般现在时，表示婉转的语气。如：
i wonder if you could help me．不知你能否帮我个忙。
did you wish to see me？你要找我吗？
▲在时间、条件从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来发生的事。如：
they said they would all leave if mike stayed．他们说如果迈克留下，他们就都走。
mother promised to buy a bike for tom if he passed the exam．
母亲答应如果汤姆考试及格就给他买辆自行车。
▲一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
you will get wet if you go out without an umbrella．你出门不带伞会被淋湿的。
he will be sixteen years old next month．下月他就满十六岁了。1234567
i am sorry i shall not be free tomorrow morning．对不起，明天上午我没空。
▲be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事，或表示说话人根据已有迹象推断可能要发生的事。如：
we are going to have an english evening tonight．今晚我们准备开个英语晚会。
it looks as if it’s going to rain．看上去天要下雨了。
i think he is going to leave soon．我认为他很快就会离开。
▲be＋不定式，表示按计划安排要发生的事，或用来征求对方意见。如：
there is to be a party on saturday evening．星期六晚上有个聚会。
am i to go on with the work？这工作我还继续干下去吗？
i am to meet mr smith at eleven this morning．我要在今天上午十一点钟见史密斯先生。
▲be about＋不定式，表示即将发生……，意为“即将”“正要”。如：
let’s hurry. the meeting is about to begin．让我们快点，会议就要开始了。
the smiths are about to start on a journey．史密斯一家就要去旅行了。
【注】be about＋不定式表示马上就要进行的动作，故在句中与表示具体的将来时间连用，但可以和as或when引导的时间状语从句连用。如：
as i came，sha was about to go to the cinema．我到时，她要去电影院了。
when i reached home，mother was about to go shopping．我到家时，母亲准备出去购物。
【注】will和be going to都可表示意愿，但前者多表示决心、意志；而后者表示经过考虑后的打算。请比较：
he is studying hard and is going to take the college entrance exams．他正努力学习，正准备考大学。
they will go their own way in spite of the difficulties．不管有多少困难，他们都决心走自己的路。
【注】will可用于条件句中表示意愿，这时will是情态动词。
if she’ll listen to me，i’ll give her some advice．如果她愿意听我说，我会给她一些劝告。
【注】上句中用在条件句中的will表示意愿，不是表示单纯的将来，但be going to可用于条件句中表示单纯的将来。如：
if you are going to visit the museum next week，please take helen along．
如果下周你去参观那个博物馆，请带上海伦一起去。
【注】一般将来时还可以表示一种倾向或一种固有的特性。如：
all living things will die without air and water．没有空气和水，所有的生物都将死亡。
water will boil if heated to 100℃．水如果被加热到摄氏一百度就会沸腾。
▲过去将来时
表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作，主要用在宾语从句中。如：
jack said he would go to hawaii for the holiday．杰克说他将去夏威夷度假。
i asked if he would come and repair my tv set．我问他是否可以来给我修理电视机。
i thought it would rain，and sure enough it did．我想会下雨，果然下了。
【注】从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事，还可以用were／was going to do或were／was to do或was／were about to do来表示。如：
he said he was going to try．他说他准备试一试。
i was about to go when a friend dropped in．我正要出门，来了一个朋友。
she was to meet kurt at an appointed place on the street．她将和库尔特在街上约定的地方见面。1234567
【注】was／were＋不定式的完成式表示本来打算做某事，而后来没有做。如：
i was to have seen him last sunday but he did not come．我本打算上星期天和他见面的，但他没有来。
i was to have told you about it but i didn’t have time to come over．
我本来要告诉你的，但我没有时间过来。
▲现在进行时
表示正在进行的动作。如：
the telephone is ringing．would you answer it？电话铃响了，请你接一下，好吗？
they are making preparations for it．他们正在做准备工作。
▲表示现阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。如：
he is studying english and teaching chinese．他在学习英语，又在教汉语。
professor smith is translating a novel these days．这些天史密斯教授正在翻译一本小说。
▲有些表示“变化、移动”概念的动词，它们的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作，类似动词有go，start，arrive，return等等。如：
are you leaving for shanghai tomorrow？明天你去上海吗？
how many of you are coming to the party？你们有多少人来参加聚会？
▲现在进行时态与always，forever，constantly，continually等副词连用时，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，并且含有某种感情色彩，如赞叹、厌恶等。如：
he is always making silly mistake．他总是犯愚蠢的错误。
you are always interrupting me！你老打断我的话。
she is always thinking of her work．她老想到她的工作。
he is continually reminding me of what i owe him．他老提起我欠他钱的事。
▲过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如：
tom was watching tv when i came in．我进来时，汤姆正在看电视。
she was then working in an army hospital．那时她在一家陆军医院工作。
at that time he was working in a laboratory．那时他在一家实验室工作。
during the summer of XX she was travelling in europe．XX年夏天她在欧州旅行。
▲和现在进行时一样，某些动词如come，go，leave，stay等的过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。如：
she told me she was sending me some new stamps soon．她告诉我，不久她就会给我寄几张新邮票来。
she knew the plane was taking off in five minutes．她知道飞机五分钟后就要起飞了。
▲和现在进行时一样，过去进行时与always，forever，continually，constantly，frequently连用时，表示过去的经常性、习惯性动作，并带说话者的某种感情，如赞美、厌恶等。如：
the two brothers were frequently quarrelling. 这俩兄弟老是吵架。
he was always complaining about something．他老是怨这怨那。
she was continually asking questions．她老是提问题。
【注】过去进行时与一般过去时的区别，前者表示一个正在进行的尚未完成的动作，而后者表示一个业已完成的动作。如：
she was writing letters．i didn’t want to disturb her．她在写信，我不想打扰她。
she wrote several letters and asked me to post them．她写了几封信让我寄出去。
it was raining this morning．今天早晨一直在下雨。1234567
it rained this morning．今天早晨下雨了。
【注】动词hope，think，wonder的过去进行时并非指过去，而是指现在，表示谦虚，有礼貌的询问或建议。如：
i was wondering whether you’d like to go with me．我不知道你是否愿意和我一起去。
i was hoping we could have dinner to together．我希望我们能在一起吃饭。
▲将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某段时间内进行的动作。如：
don’t phone me between 7 and 8 p.m．we’ll be having dinner then．
七、八点钟之间别来电话，那时我们正在吃晚饭。
at this time tomorrow，i’ll be taking a test．明天这时我会在考试。
a week from today，we’ll be flying home．一星期之后我们就乘坐飞机回家了。
▲将来进行时还可用来表示安排要做的事。如：
we’ll be spending the winter in australia．我们将在澳大利亚过冬。
professor blake win be giving a lecture on american literature tomorrow evening．
布莱克教授明晚将作一个关于美国文学的报告。
【注】将来进行时比一般将来时语气委婉客气。如：
when you pay back the money？（不太客气）
when you be paying back the money？（比较委婉）
▲现在完成时
表示发生在过去或已经完成了的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，换言之动作已发生在过去，着重的是对现在的影响。如：
have you ever been to the great wall？你过去长城吗？
i have forgotten her telephone number．我忘了她的电话号码了。
we’ve not been to the cinema recently．我们最近没去看电影。
▲表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。如：
he has worked as an animal trainer for many years. 他当了好几年的训兽师。
i’ve waited a week for your answer．等你的答复我等了一个星期。
▲用于时间或条件从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。如：
don’t get off the bus until it has stopped．等车停了再下车。
we’ll start at three o’clock if it has stopped raining by then．
我们将在三点钟动身，如果那时雨停了的话。
【注】现在完成时和一般过去时的比较：
这两个时态虽都表示过去发生的事，但着眼点不一样，现在完成时是要说明过去的动作对现在的影响，而一般过去时只是单纯的谈过去的动作或状态本身，不与现在相联系。如：
“come and have breakfast with us．”“thank you．i’ve just had it．”
“来跟我们一块儿吃早饭吧。”“谢谢，我已吃过了。”（饱了，吃不下了）
i had my breakfast in the dining hall．我在饭厅吃的早饭。（仅说明吃饭这个事实）
i’ve chosen some cds for the party．我为晚会选了几张唱盘。（可以在晚会上听了）
i chose some novels and bought them．我挑了几本小说买下了。（没说明与现在的联系）
i have seen him．我见过他了。
i saw him yesterday．我昨天见到他了。
▲现在完成进行时
表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作，这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在继续。如：
there you are！i’ve been waiting for two hours！
你到底来了，我等你等了二个小时了！
she is very tired．she’s been working the whole morning．她很累，她干了一个上午了。1234567
it has been raining，but it has just stopped now．天一直下雨，刚停。
▲有时现在完成进行时不是指某动作一直在不停地进行，而是表示一直到说话时的一段时间内一直重复的动作，常常有感情色彩。如：
he has been calling on her several times this week．他这个星期几次来看她。
we’ve been having a lot of rain recently．最近雨水很多。
▲有时现在完成进行时表示“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作，也就表示直到说话时为止的一段时间内发生的动作。这一动作到说话时已经结束，而且不再继续下去。这种用法主要表示某一动作所产生的结果或对现在的影响。如：
you have been cleaning the classroom．i think．
我想你刚才在打扫教室吧！（言外之意：your clothes are covered with dust．）
the boy has been playing with toys．
那男孩一直在玩玩具。（言外之意：there are toys hare and there on the noor．）
her eyes are red．she has been crying．她眼睛红了，她一直在哭。
【注】现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较：
这两个动作都表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”的动作，有时可换用，但现在完成时着重动作的结果，而现在完成进行时着重表示动作的未完成，强调动作的持续性。如：
i have been reading the book．
我一直在读这本书。（强调动作的持续性）
i have read the book．我读过这本书了。（强调动作的结果）
who has been drink my wine？谁喝了我的酒？（已喝掉）
who has been drinking my wine？谁喝我的酒来着？（被喝掉一些）
【注】不用进行时态的动词。感官动词等不可用现在完成时或进行时，但可用其现在完成时。如：
i have known him since i was a child．我从孩子时起就认识他了。
i haven’t seen him for a long time．我很久没见过他了。
▲过去完成时
表示在过去某时间之前已经发生或存在的状态。
when i rang，mary had already gone to work．我打电话时玛丽已经上班了。
by dusk，the news had spread through the town．到黄昏，消息已传遍全镇。
the room was dirty．i hadn’t cleaned it for weeks．房间很脏，我已几个星期没打扫了。
▲过去完成时还可表示过去某一时间发生的动作或状态一直延续到某个时候，并可能继续下去，常用for或since或by引导时间状语。如：
she had lived in the south for three years before she came here．她来这儿之前，在南方住了三年。
by the end of last month，i had studied in the college for two years．
到上月底，我在这所学院已学习两年了。
【注】表示过去的两个动作紧接着发生，可不用过去完成时，而用一般过去时，常见于as soon as，before，after，immediately，instantly，the moment等引导的带有时间状语从句的复合句中。如：
i loved you the moment i saw you．我一见到你就爱上你了。
immediately she entered，his eyes lit up．她一进来他的眼睛就亮了起来。
directly i walked in the door i smelt smoke．我一进门就闻到烟味。
【注】某些表示意愿、希望、打算、意图等的动词，其过去完成时表示本打算做而未做的事，这些动词是：think，suppose，plan，want，intend，mean等。1234567
i had hoped to send him a christmas card, but i forgot to do so．
我本来希望寄一张圣诞卡给他的，但我忘了寄了。
we had thought to return early but he wouldn’t let us go．我们本想早点回来的，但他们不让我们走。
she had intended to speak，but time did not permit．她本想发言，可时间不允许。
▲过去完成进行时
表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去的那个时刻的动作，该动作可能刚结束，也可能还要继续。如：
i had been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in.
在她喊我进去之前，我已经在房间里等了半个小时。
she was out of breath．she had been running．她气喘吁吁。她一直在跑来着。
jane was annoyed．peter had been phoning her every night．简很不高兴，彼得每晚给她打电话。
【注】请注意过去完成进行时与过去进行时的区别：
last night i was reading a novel when the bell rang．昨晚铃响时，我正在读一本小说。（当时正在读）
last night i had been reading a novel when the bell rang．到昨晚铃响时，我一直在读一本小说。（一直在读）
【注】请注意过去完成进行时或现在完成进行时的区别：前者表示到过去某个时刻还在进行，后者表示到现在还在进行。试比较：
he had been smoking for twenty years when he decided to give it up．
当他决定戒烟时，他已有二十年的烟龄了。
he has been smoking for twenty years．他已有二十年的烟龄了。（到现在为止）
【注】请注意过去完成进行时与过去完成时的区别：前者表示到过去某时为止动作一直在持续，未必完成，而后者表示动作已完成。试比较：
she said she had been writing her composition．她说她一直在写作文。（可能尚未完成）
she said she had written her composition．她说她的作文已写完了。（已完成）
▲将来完成时
表示将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作。如：
i’m sure he will have settled the problem before you arrive there．
我相信在你到那儿之前，这个问题他已经解决了。
on monday he’ll have been in america for three years．到星期一，他在美国就满三年了。
the film will have started by the time we get to the cinema．我们到电影院时电影已开始。’
by ten o’clock this evening，i shall have reviewed lessons．到今晚十点钟，我将复习完功课了。

［语法专项训练］
1.this exercise is easy and covers the main verb tenses and can be done on the internet, which interest the ss.
by the end of the year, she ___ with a degree in business.
already graduates
will have already graduated
has already graduated
answer b
as soon as i ___ home, it started to rain heavily.
get
got
will have gotten
answer b
we ___ the chance to visit many museums in paris last vacation.
had
had had
have had
answer a
i ___ on this project for days without success.
have been worked
have been working
had being worked
answer b
don"t worry. she ___ by herself.
is used to living1234567
is used to live
used to living
answer a
i ___ hard until i pass the toefl.
will study
study
have studied
answer a
next month we ___ our 5th wedding anniversary.
will be celebrated
will have been celebrating
will be celebrating
answer c
if you ___ it, give it a go.
didn"t try
haven"t tried
hadn"t tried
answer b
i wish i ___ a millionaire so i could travel all over the world.
was
had been
were
answer c
he ___ to class this morning because he was sick.
didn"t come
hadn"t come
hasn"t come
answer a
he ___ it on purpose.
denied having done
denied have done
denied done
answer a
children ___ to free education.
should entitle
should be entitled
should to be entitled
answer b
___ a ufo?
did you ever see
do you ever see
have you ever seen
answer c
whenever i ___ talk to my boss, i get butterflies in my stomach.
had to
will have to
have to
answer c
they ___ together for five years when they decided to get married.
had been
have been
were
answer a
while the reporter ___ the policeman, the robber escaped.
interviewing
was interviewing
had been interviewing
answer b
she ___ extremely quiet since her husband died.
is
has been
was
answer b
if he ___ with his girlfriend, he ___ now.
hadn"t broken up / wouldn"t be suffering
hadn"t broken up / wouldn"t suffer
didn"t break up / wouldn"t be suffering
answer a
2.complete sentences and a passage. get the students to do some exercises for consolidation. p87-88
try to correct each other’s answers in pairs first and then give them the correct answers.
step 2 summary and homework
today we have reviewed eight kinds of verb tenses.(write them on the blackboard.) and we have also done some exercises to consolidate them. after class, you need to do more exercises and try to read a grammar book about verb tenses to master them better.
homework:
p220-221 ex1-2
an exercise about verb tenses(近几年高考题)

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