2020高考英语必备知识|2020高考英语备考单元知识搜索与探究归纳Unit20Scientistsatwork

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XX高考英语备考单元知识搜索与探究归纳
unit16 scientists at work
 自助式复习板块
 知识搜索 
a. 单词
 1.核子的；原子能的        (adj.)__________________
 2.不必要的；多余的        （adj.）__________________
 3.电的；导电的         （adj.）__________________
 4.成功的           （adj.）__________________
 5.锐利的；灵敏的         （adj.）__________________
 6.残酷的；令人痛苦的        （adj.）__________________
 7.使充电；控告         （v.）__________________
 8.证明；证实          （v.）__________________
 9.撕扯；撕裂          （v.）__________________
 10.控制           （v.）__________________
 11.拴紧；使固定         （v.）__________________
 12.怀疑           （v.）__________________
 13.实施；管理，指挥        （v.）__________________
 14.实验；试验         （n.）__________________
 15.液体；液态物         （n.）__________________
 16.有利条件；优点        （n.）__________________
 17.应用；实施         （n.）__________________
 18.雷雨；暴雨         （n.）__________________
 19.电击；打击         （n.）__________________
 20.感官；感觉         （n.）__________________
 21.激进主义分子         （n.）__________________
 22.结论；结束         （n.）__________________
 答案：1.nuclear　2.unnecessary　3.electric4.successful　5.sharp　6.cruel　 7.charge8.prove 9.tear10.control　11.fasten12.doubt　13.conduct　14.experiment　 15.liquid 16.advantage 17.application18.thunderstorm19.shock　20.sense21.activist　 22. conclusion123456
b. 短语
 23.在某人看来 ________ _________ ________ 
 24.把……加上……_______...________...
 25.利用 _______ _______ ______
 26.把……系到……_______..._______
 27.防止风筝飞走 _______the _______ _______ _______ _______
 28.以平局结束_______ _______ a_______
 29.哭泣，掉泪 ________ ________ ________
 30.挑选出 _______ ______
 31.在……（身上）做实验 ______ _______ sth.
 32.浪费钱 a ________ _______ _______
 33.违法 _______ ______ _______
 34.毫无疑问 ______ ______
 35.主管；负责 _______ ______ ______
 36.太贵了 _______ ______ _______
 37.导电  ________ _______
 38.用丝绸做的风筝a ______ ______ _______ _______
 39.做实验_______ an _______
 答案：23.in one’s opinion　24.add,to25.make use of　26.tie/fasten,to27.prevent, kite  from flying away　28.end in, tie　29.be in tears　30.pick out31.test on　32.waste of  money　 33.break the law　34.no doubt　35.in charge of　36.much too expensive　 37.conduct  electricity　38.kite made of silk　39.do/make/conduct/perform, experiment
c. 句型
 40.我们要防止这种事情再次发生。
 we should ______such kind of thing _______ ______ again.
 41.这张椅子是由木头做的。
 this chair______ _______ _______ wood.
 42.这个理论最后证明是正确的。
 the theory______ ______ ______ right.
 43.这种纸很好撕。
 this kind of paper______ ______ .
 答案：40. prevent/stop/keep, from happening41. is made of42. proved to be
 43. tears easily
d. 语法
 44. foot + ball=_______
 45. up + stairs=_______
 46. thunder + storm=_________
 47. hide + and + seek=________
 48. class + room=________
 答案：44.football　45.upstairs　46.thunderstorm　47.hide and seek　48. classroom
 重难棸焦
 重点单词
 要点1　close
 【例题】 (经典回放)it was raining heavily. little mary felt cold, so she stood______ to her mother.
 a. close　　　b. closely　　　c. closed　　　d. closing
 解析:本句意为：“雨下得很大，小玛丽感到很冷，所以她靠她妈妈很近”。close可以作副词，表示“（距离）近地”“紧密地”；closely意为“紧密地，紧紧地”“认真地”“密切地”，通常不与to连用；closed意为“关闭的”。
 答案:a
归纳与迁移
 (1)close作为形容词，有“靠近”“临近”“接近”等意思，相当于near。具体使用中，close之前多为连系动词，如be, keep, remain, stand等。常以“...close to”短语出现，其中的to为介词。
 his company is close to ours.
 他的公司离我们的很近。123456
 close作为形容词，还有“亲近的，亲密的”等意思。
 the two countries are close as lips and teeth.
 那两个国家是唇齿相依的邻邦。
 they are close friends.
 他们是好朋友。
 （2）close和closely这类副词称之为同源副词。它们的意义非常接近，不加－ly形式既可以是形容词，又可以是副词，其区别在于：凡是带－ly的副词常指抽象的，引申的含义。原形形式副词常指本义和具体意义。类似的还有deep, deeply“深地，深深地”；high, highly“高地，高度地”；wide, widely“宽地，广泛地”。
 we speak highly of him.
 我们对他的评价很高。
 the bird is flying high in the sky.
 那只小鸟在天上飞得很高。
 要点3　enough
 【例题】（XX上海春，34）______，some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.
 a. strangely enough   b. enough strangely
 c. strange enough    d. enough strange
 解析:enough修饰形容词、副词通常后置。此处表达“奇怪的是”用副词。
 答案:a
归纳与迁移
 enough修饰形容词或副词时，要放在被修饰词后；当修饰名词时，常放在名词前面。
 careful enough 足够仔细
 well enough 足够好
 enough food 充足的食物
 特别提醒：
 enough不能与no连用，但是能与not连用。
 there is not enough money.钱不够。
 要点3　with
 【例题】(XX北京，34)i couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ______.
 a. going on    b. goes on
 c. went on    d. to go on
 解析:本题考查现在分词在with复合结构中作补足语的用法。此处表示主动、进行，所以用现在分词。
 答案:a
归纳与迁移
 with复合结构的构成：
 （1）with+宾语+名词
 he died with his daughter yet a school girl.
 他死的时候，他的女儿还是个学生。
 （2）with+宾语+形容词
 he used to sleep with all the windows open.
 他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。
 she lay in bed with her face pale.
 她躺在床上，脸色苍白。
 （3）with+宾语+副词
 the girl fell asleep with the light on.
 那位女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。
 her mother sat in an armchair with her head down.
 她母亲坐在椅子上，头低着。
 （4）with+宾语+不定式
 i can’t go out with these clothes to wash.
 因为这些衣服要洗，我不能出去。
 i had to go to bed with nothing to do.
 我没有事可做，只好睡觉。
 （5）with+宾语+介词短语
 he sat near the fire with his back to the door.
 他坐在炉子旁，背朝着房门。
 the teacher came in with a book in his hand. 
 老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。123456
 （6）with+宾语+现在分词
 with the machine helping us, we could finish the work on time.
 由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成任务。
 she lives in the room with the light burning.
 她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。
 (7)with+宾语+过去分词
 with everything done, she went home.
 做完一切事情以后，她回家了。
 he lay on his back, with his teeth set and his eyes closed. 
 他仰卧着，咬着牙、闭着眼。
 要点4　allow
 【例题】 they don’t allow_______ in the factory.
 a. smoke   b. to smoke   c. smoked   d. smoking
 解析:本句意为：“他们不允许在工厂里吸烟。”表示“同意做……”用allow doing或allow sb.  to do。
 答案:d
归纳与迁移
 allow与permit都表示“同意”。
 （1）用法相同
 allow/ permit sb.  to do sth. 允许某人做某事
 allow /permit doing sth. 允许做某事（此时动词只用-ing形式）
 反义词forbid具有同样用法。
 （2）意义有异同
 许多情况下可换用，只是词义的强弱上有差异。allow语意较弱，含有“听任”“默许”“不加阻止”的意思；permit语意较强，强调“正式认可”“批准”的意思。
 the nurse allowed him to remain there, though it was not permitted. 
 护士让他留在那里，虽然这是（规定）不允许的。
 重点短语
 要点1　a number of
 【例题】 the number of people we informed _____one hundred, but a number of them  _______absent for different  reasons.
 a. were; was     b. was; was
 c. was; were     d. were; were
 解析:本句意为：“我们通知了100人，但是很多人都因不同的原因没有来。”a number of意为“许多”，相当于many，修饰复数名词，a number of+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of 意为“……的数目”，用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
 答案:c
归纳与迁移
 表示“很多，许多”还有以下词组：
 （1）修饰可数名词的复数：
 a great/large number of
 a large number of newspapers 大量的报纸
 a great many
 a great many books 大量的书
 quite a few
 quite a few students 许多学生
 many a
 many a student has known the answer.
 很多学生知道答案了。
 特别提醒：
 a great many后面如果加of,名词前要加the。
 a great many of the books 大量的书
 （2）修饰不可数名词：
 a great deal of
 a great deal of coal 大量的煤
 a large amount of 
 a large amount of water 大量的水
 （3）既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词：123456
 a lot of
 a large quantity of(谓语动词的单复数取决于of后的名词）
 large quantities of(谓语动词用复数)
 a large quantity of coal has been burnt.
 已经烧了大量的煤了。
 a large quantity of students have finished reading the book.
 很多学生已经看完了这本书。
 large quantities of water have been polluted. 
 大量的水已经被污染了。
 plenty of
 i have plenty of time.
 我有很多时间。
 要点2　protect...from...
 【例题】(XX上海春，55)people first began to wear hats to_______ themselves from the climate.
 a. defend   b. protect   c. prevent   d. hide
 解析:本句意为：“人们一开始戴帽子是为了保护自己不受气候的影响。”protect...from意为“保护……不受……影响”；defend意为“保卫，捍卫”；prevent意为“防止，预防”；hide意为“隐藏，隐瞒”。
 答案:b
归纳与迁移
 protect...from(against)...使（保护）……不受……
 （1）+名词
 we should wear more clothes to protect ourselves from the cold weather.
 我们应该多穿些衣服来御寒。
 （2）+doing sth.
 i wear a hat in summer to protect myself from being burnt.
 我夏天戴帽子是为了防止自己被晒伤。
 特别提醒：
 protect接较大的事情，如：天灾、战争等，一般用against;如果接比较小的事情则通常用from。
 必背句型
 要点1　there is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
 【例题】（XX广东，34）some researchers believe that there is no doubt _____a cure for aids will be found. 
 a. which     b. what
 c. that     d. whether
 解析:本句意为：“一些研究员认为毫无疑问以后艾滋病肯定能治愈。”there is no doubt that...表示“毫无疑问”。
 答案:c
归纳与迁移
  (1)there is no doubt that...表示“毫无疑问”，doubt后跟否定句，用that引导。
 there is no doubt that he is a good student.
 毫无疑问他是一个好学生。
 （2）doubt后跟肯定句，用if/whether引导。
 i doubt if/whether he will come.
 我怀疑他会不会来。
 （3）有关doubt的词组：
 no doubt“肯定地，想必”；without doubt “毫无疑问，一定地”。
 no doubt i have won the game.
 毫无疑问我赢了那场比赛。
 he will recovery soon without doubt.
 他一定会很快恢复的。
 要点2　so...that... 引导状语从句
 【例题】 liu xiang did______ well at athens olympic games______ all china are proud of him.
 a. so; that    b. as; as
 c. not only; but also  d. both; and123456
 解析:so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，与句意最相符。
 答案:a
归纳与迁移
  (1)so +adj./adv.+ that...表示“如此……以至于”，that可省略；当so和它所修饰的形容词或副词放在句首时，主句倒装。
 the book is so interesting that i want to read it again. =so interesting is the book that i want to read it again.
 这本书是如此有趣，以至于我还想再读一遍。
 there are so many mistakes in your article that i can’t understand the meaning. =so many mistakes are there in your article that i can’t understand the meaning.
 你文章中的错误太多了，以至于我都无法理解其意思。
 （2）在so...that句型中也可以使用名词，结构如下：
 so + few/many+可数名词复数+that
 so + little/much+不可数名词+that
 so +adj.+ a(n)+名词+that=such + a(n)+adj.+名词+that
 it was so cold a day that the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.=it was such a cold day that the ice in the river was nearly two feet thick.
 天气是如此之冷，以至于河里的冰结得都有两英尺厚了。
 it was such fine weather that the children all went out, playing in the sun.(weather为不可数名词，所以前面不能加a)
 天气很好，孩子们都出去在阳光下玩耍。
 there was so much water in the river that we couldn’t swim across it.
 河水水位太高了，我们游不过去。
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